| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Temperture | Is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particulars in an object. |
| Three common scales for measuring temperature | Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. |
| Fahrenheit scale | Is the most common scale used in the United States. (F) |
| On fahrenheit scale water freezes at | 32 F |
| On fahrenheit scale water boils at | 212 F |
| On fahrenheit scale absolute 0 is | -460 F |
| On celsius scale water freezes at | 0 C |
| Celsius scale | Is used in most of the world. (C) |
| On celsius scale water boils at | 100 C |
| On celsius scale absolute 0 is | -273 C |
| Kelvin scale | Is a scale most commonly used in physical science (K) |
| Any temperature on the Kelvin scale can be changed to Celsius by adding | 273 |
| The freezing point of water on the kelvin scale is | 273 K |
| The boiling point of water on the kelvin scale is | 373 K |
| What do scientists believe about the number 273 on the celsius scale | Scientists believe that -273 C is the lowest temperature possible. |
| What is absolute 0 | The temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter. – It is the lowest temperature possible. |
| Thermal energy | Is the total energy of all particles in a substance that makes up and object or sometimes also called internal energy |
| Heat | Is the movement of theramal energy from a substance at a HIGHER temperature to another at a lower temperature. Warmer object to cooler object |
| Three ways heat can be transferred or moved. | Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. |
| Conduction | In this process heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another WITHOUT the movement of matter itself. |
| Convection | Is when heat is transferred by movement of currents within a fluid (a liquid or gas). |
| Convection current | A circular motion that is caused by the raising of heated fluid and sinking cooled fluid. |
| Radiation | The transfer of energy by electromagnetc waves. |
| Conductor | A material that conducts heat between its particles – such as silver or stainless steel – metal conducts faster than wood. |
| Insulator | A material that does not conduct heat wel, a material that does not easily transfer heat between its particles. wood wool paper cork are good insulators. |
| Specific heat | Is the amount of (heat) energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of A substance by 1 kelvin. OR to raise a given mass of a substance by a specific unit of temperature. |
| Joules | Is the unit of measure – joules per kilogram-kelvin |
| State | All matter can exist in three states. |
| 3 states of matter are | Solid, Liquid and Gas |
| Change of state | Is the phyaical change from one state of matter to another. A solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. |
| Melting | The change of state from a solid to a liquid. It occurs when a solid absorbs thermal energy. |
| Melting point | Is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. |
| Freezing | The change of state from a liquid to a solid. It occurs when a substance loses thermal energy. |
| Freezing point | Is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. |
| Vaporization | Is the process by which matter changes from the liquid to a gas state. During this process the particles in a liquid absorb thermal energy |
| Evaporation | When vaporization takes place at the surface of a liquid. |
| Boiling | At higher temeratures, vaporization can occur below the surface of a liquid and gas bubbles form within the liquid rise up to the surface. |
| Boiling point | Is the temperature at which a liquid boils |
| Condensation | The change from a gas state to a liquid state – in other words when a gas loses a sufficient amount of thermal energy. |
| Thermal expansion | Happens when matter is heated. When thermal energy of a substance increases, its particles spread out and the substance expands. |
| Thermostat | A heat regulating device used during thermal expansion. |
| Bimetallic strip | Are strips of two different metals joined together. |
| Heat engine | Is the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy so that it can be used to do work. |
| Combustion | Is the process of burning fuel, such as coal or gasoline to produce thermal energy. During this process the chemcial energy that stored in fuel is converted to thermal energy. |
| External combustion engine | Fuel is burned outside (steam engine) The combustion of wood, coal, or oil heats water in a boiler outside the engine. |
| internal combustion engine | Fuel is burned in cylinders inside the engine. Diesel and gasoline engines that power most automobiles are examples. (4 stroke engine) |
| A refrigerator transfers | Thermal energy from a cool region to a warm region |
| How are heat engines classified | They are classified as external or internal combsustion engines depending on where the fuel is burned |
| Matter | Expands when it is heated and contracts when it is cooled. |
| When a substance is changing state… | The temperature of the substance remains constant. |
| Matter can undergo a change of state when | Thermal energy is added or removed |
| Heat can be transferred by | Conduction, convection and radiation. |
| A conductor transfers | Heat well but and insulator does not. |
| Heat is the transfer of | Thermal energy by conduction, convection and radiation |
