Their nesting grounds are easy targets, their skins are used to make shoes, belts. and pocketbooks, and their meat is considered exotic (all of the above)
The American alligator is now listed as threatened because…
biochemical reactions in the intestines of detritus feeders
Of the following, ecosystem structure is least likely to include
the number of different species
What is species richness?
the number of individuals of each species
What is species evenness?
low lattitude forests
Where is most of the world’s biodiversity?
high immigration and low extinction rates
Based on island biogeography, large islands near the mainland would have relatively….
native species
Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem are known as…
indicator species
Species that serve as early warnings of environment damage is what?
keystone species
Species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abudance is what?
nonnative species
Species that migrate or are accidentally intorduced into an ecosystem are called what?
native species
Which term is the opposite of the others?
Amphibians eat many insects, second in number only to birds
Which of the following statements about amphibians is false?
amphibians live part of their life cycle in water and part on land, and amphibians are extremely sensitive to ultraviolet radiation (a and c only)
Which of the following characteristics make amphibians particularly sensitive to pollution?
they are sensitive indicators of changing environmental conditions, their extinction could lead directly to the extinction of other species, and they are genetic storehouses of pharmaceutical products not yet discovered (all of the above)
Amphibians are important because…
indicator species
Birds and trout make good what?
nonnative species
Wild African bees are best described as what?
keystone species
Sea otters, dung beetles, and gopher tortoises are generally considered to be…
foundation species
Species that can create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species in a community such as birds that regenerate deforested areas and spread seeds through their droppings are called…
They bear more young than the habitat can support, causing most offspring to die of starvation or become food for other predators
Which of the following is not a reason for the decline in shark populations?
pollination, aeration of soil, distribution and burial of animal wastes, and top predator control of other populations within an ecosystem (all of the above)
Which of the following is not an ecological service provided by keystone species?
Interspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species
Which of the following statements is false?
hawks and owls
Which of the following predators avoid competition by being active at different times?
interspecific competition
The relationship between fire ants and native ant populations is best described as?
exploitation competition
A new kitten is added to a home with an established older cat. The older cat is observed to gobble up its food as well as that of the younger cat, which is known as?
interference competition
A new kitten is added to a home with an established older cat. You observe the older cat hiss and swat at the younger kitten in the kitchen where they are fed, which is known as?
eating at different times, resource partitioning, and character displacement (all of the above)
Interspecific competition can be avoided by…
by a predator
A shark is least likely to be killed by…
Snakes have a sharp vision which allows them to find prey
Which of the following is not an example of an adaption acquired by organisms to detect food and mates?
predation
The obvious relationship demonstrated by a food chain is….
pursuit and ambush
Prey are least likely to defend themselves against predators by…
mimicry
Beetles that imitate other beetles but don’t have the same defense mechanisms:
parasitism
A relationship in which a member of one species obtains its nourishment by living on, in, or near a member of another species over an extended time is best labeled…
commensalism
A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled…
mutualism
A relationship in which both species benefit is best labeled:
mutualism
Of the following relationships, the one most likely to be described as a positive feedback loop is
mutualism
The win-win relationship of animal behavior is
rarely kill their hosts
Parasites…
tapeworms
All of the following are ectoparasites except…
Parasites bring only bad news
Which of the following is incorrect?
epiphytes
All of the following illustrate the relationship mutualism except…
mutualism
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones is…
commensalism
The relationship between redwood trees and redwood sorrel is…
parasitism
Forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms include all of the following expect:
It is an orderly progression from pioneer species to climax species indicative of the region being studied
Which of the following statements about primary succession is false?
several centuries to several thousand years
How long does it take natural processes to produce fertile soil?
rock exposed by a retreating glacier
Which of the following would exhibit primary succession?
a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up
Which of the following would undergo secondary succession?
physical weathering, lichens and mosses trapping soil particles, and secretion of acids by lichens (all of the above)
Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by what?
early-succession
You are a field ecologist. In an ecosystem under study, you observe rabbit, quail, and pheasant. Which stage of succession are you most likely to report for this ecosystem?
late-succession
You are a field ecologist. In an ecosystem under study, you observe turkeys and gray squirrels. Which stage of succession are you most likely to report for this ecosystem?
mature
You are a field ecologist. In an ecosystem under study, you observe grizzly bears and caribou. Which stage of succession are you most likely to report for this ecosystem?
facilitation
A field ecologist observes primary succession occurring over a period of years. Bare rock is colonized by lichens that give way to moss that gives way to ferns. She is most likely to report that the process guiding succession in this ecosystem is…
inhibition
You observe a stand of dense hemlocks. You know squirrels from an adjacent area have brought pine cones to the ecosystem, but no pine seedlings have sprouted. Of the following choices, the best label for this observation is…
they congregate and are easy targets.
they are hunted.
of deforestation.
they are hunted.
of deforestation.
Flying foxes are now listed as endangered because
the number of different species
What does richness refer to?
high immigration and low extinction rates.
Based on the theory of island biogeography, you would predict that large islands near the mainland would have relatively
giant panda
Which of the following is a specialist?
indicator species.
Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called
keystone species.
Species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called
living part of their life cycle in water and part on land.
soft, permeable skin.
sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.
soft, permeable skin.
sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.
Characteristics which make amphibians particularly sensitive to pollution include
nonnative species.
Wild African bees are best described as
keystone species.
Sea otters, dung beetles, and gopher tortoises are generally considered to be
Interspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species.
Which of the following statements is false?
hawks and owls
Which of the following predators avoid competition by being active at different times?
interspecific competition.
The relationship between fire ants and native ant populations is best described as
eating at different times.
resource partitioning.
character displacement.
resource partitioning.
character displacement.
Interspecific competition can be avoided by
by a predator.
A shark is least likely to be killed
predation.
The obvious relationship demonstrated by a food chain is
mutualism.
A relationship in which both species benefit is best labeled
rarely kill their hosts.
Parasites
tapeworms.
All of the following are ectoparasites except
epiphytes.
All of the following illustrate the relationship of mutualism except
mutualism.
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones is
commensalism.
The relationship between redwood trees and redwood sorrel is
parasitism.
Forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms include all of the following except
It is an orderly progression from pioneer species to climax species indicative of the region being studied.
Which of the following statements about primary succession is false?
several centuries to several thousands of years
How long does it take natural processes to produce fertile soil?
rock exposed by a retreating glacier
Which of the following would exhibit primary succession?
a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up
Which of the following would undergo secondary succession?
physical weathering.
lichens and mosses trapping soil particles.
secretion of acids by lichens.
lichens and mosses trapping soil particles.
secretion of acids by lichens.
Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by
early-succession
You are a field ecologist. In an ecosystem under study, you observe rabbit, quail, and pheasant. Which stage of succession are you most likely to report for this ecosystem?
late-succession
You are a field ecologist. In an ecosystem under study, you observe turkeys and gray squirrels. Which stage of succession are you most likely to report for this ecosystem?
facilitation.
A field ecologist observes primary succession occurring over a period of years. Bare rock is colonized by lichens that give way to moss that give way to ferns. She is most likely to report that the process guiding succession in this ecosystem is
inhibition.
You observe a stand of dense hemlocks. You know squirrels from an adjacent area have brought pine cones to the ecosystem, but no pine seedlings have sprouted. Of the following choices, the best label for this observation is
tolerance.
You observe a maple seedling grow successfully in a birch stand. All species thrive. The best label for this observation would be
the food webs are simple.
In immature ecosystems
some species release seeds only after exposure to intense heat
In forests maintained by intermittent fires,
plowing
Which of the following human-caused changes is most appropriately classified as a catastrophic change rather than a gradual change?
climate change
Which of the following natural changes would be considered gradual rather than catastrophic?
agriculture and plantation forestry
Which of the following human activities most favor monocultures?
stability
Which of the following characteristics of organisms includes the other three?
high resilience.
The tropical rain forest is characterized by all of the following except
less diversity, more resilience.
Compared to forests, grasslands have
mutualism and coevolution.
The relationship between durian plants and flying foxes exemplifies
biochemical reactions in the intestines of detritus feeders.
Of the following, ecosystem structure is least likely to include
low-latitude forests
Where is most of the world’s biodiversity?
range of tolerance.
niche
limiting factors.
response to changing conditions.
niche
limiting factors.
response to changing conditions.
An organism is classified as a specialist or generalist based on its
it is a specialized species, eating mostly bamboo, which has periodic diebacks.
the pandas are separated into small, isolated populations.
of low birth rate and litter size.
the pandas are separated into small, isolated populations.
of low birth rate and litter size.
The giant panda is an endangered species because
native species.
Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem are known as
nonnative species.
Species that migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called
nonnative species
Which term means the opposite of the others?
pursuit and ambush.
Prey are least likely to defend themselves against predators by
mimicry
You are an evolutionary entomologist. You have observed beetles who can raise their abdomens and give off a defensive chemical that generally repels predators. You discover a new species of beetle that raises its abdomen in a threatening way similar to the first species, but no defensive chemical is given off. You are most likely to characterize this defensive strategy as a form of
parasitism
A relationship in which a member of one species obtains its nourishment by living on, in, or near a member of another species over an extended time is best labeled
mutualism
A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled
constancy
The ability of a population to maintain a certain size is known as
resilience
Which of the following refers to the ability of an organism to return to its former condition after a period of stress?
resilience
The tropical rain forest is characterized by all of the following except high
Mutualism and coevolution
The relationship between durian plants and flying foxes exemplifies
Keystone species
Flying foxes are recognized as
The number of different species
What does richness refer to?
Low-latitude forests
Where is the most of the world’s biodiversity?
Generalist
The best description of a cockroach niche is
Range of tolerance, niche, limiting factors, and response to change in conditions
An organism is classified as a specialist or generalist based on its
are more likely to become extinct
Specialist species
It is a specialized species, eating mostly bamboo, which has periodic diebacks, the pandas are separated into small isolated populations, of low birth rate and litter size
The giant panda is an endangered species because
Native species
Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem are known as
Indicator species
Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called
Keystone species
Species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called
Nonnative species
Species that migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called
Nonnative species
Wild African bees are best described as
Hawks and owls
Which of the following predators avoid competition by being active at different times?
Interspecific competition
The relationship between fire ants and native ant populations is best described as
Eating at different times, resource partitioning, and character displacement
Interspecific competition can be avoided by
Predation
The obvious relationship demonstrated by a food chain is
Parasitism
A relationship in which a member of one species obtains its nourishment by living on, in, or near a member or another species over an extended time is best labeled
Commensalism
A relationship in which on species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled
Mutualism
A relationship in which both specie benefit is best labeled
Mutualism
The win-win relationship of animal behavior is
Rarely kill their hosts
Parasites
Mutualism
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones is
Several centuries to several thousands of years
How long does it take natural processes to produce fertile soil?
Rock exposed by a retreating glacier
Which of the following would exhibit primary succession?
A heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up
Which of the the following would undergo secondary succession?
Some species release seeds only after exposure to intense heat
In forests maintained by intermittent fires
Buildup of large quantities of highly flammable undergrowth, the development of an entirely different ecosystem, and the fires that do occur may be more severe than the ones suppressed
Consequences of fire expression may include
Climate change
Which is the following natural changes would be considered gradual rather than catastrophic?
Natural and catastrophic
Changes such as drought and earthquakes are considered to be
Human caused and gradual
Changes such as depletion of underground aquifers and water logging of irrigated soils are considered to be
Agriculture and plantation forestry
Which of the following human activities most favor monoculture?
Constancy
The ability of a population to maintain a certain size is known as
Stability
Which of the following characteristics of organisms include the other four?
Resilience
Which of the following refers to the ability of organism to return to it’s former condition after a period of stress?
Less diversity and more resilience
Compared to forests, grasslands have
Keystone species
A sea otter is a(n)
Population dynamics
The changes in population size, density, dispersion, and age structure are known as
Clumped
The most common pattern of population dispersion found in nature is
Clumped
You are an ecologist studying the population dynamics of an ecosystem. You observe that resources are not evenly distributed. You predict the population dispersion pattern is
Interspecific competition and evenly spread, scarce resources
You observe uniform dispersion in a species you are studying intensely. You predict that as you extend your work, you will find
One-way movement of individual out of a particular population to another area
Emigration is
Is the maximum reproduction rate of population
The biotic potential of population
A specialized niche
Environmental resistance is enhanced by
The biotic potential increases
A population will increase if
Optimal level of critical nutrients
Which of the following factors leads to an increase in biotic potential?
The maximum size of population the environment will support
Carrying capacity refers to
S
A logistic growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter
J
An exponential growth curve depicting an ever-growing population is shaped like the letter
A population approaches it’s carrying capacity
A population crash occurs when
A time delay between a positive feedback loop and negative feedback loop
A population grows, overshoots it’s carrying capacity, and crashes, most likely from
Climatic changes, predation, Interspecific competition, and resources
Carrying capacity is determined by
Human destruction of habitat
Density-dependent population controls include all of the following except
Resource competition
Density-independent population controls include all of the following except
Stable
Which of the following terms best describes the type of population change you would expect to find for a monkey in an undisturbed section of the Brazilian rain forest?
Irruptive
Which of the following terms best describes the type of population change you would expect to find for muskrat population in a state that has just outlawed trapping?
Cyclic
Which of the following patterns would you expect to find for rabbits and coyotes in an undisturbed habitat?
Top-down population control
Wolves controlling deer populations are an example of
Is small and short lived
An r-strategist generally
Are generally less adaptable to change than r-strategies
K-strategist
Boom-and-bust; r-strategist; early loss
Which of the following connections among population cycle, survival strategies, and survivorship curves would you most expect to see?
Adding chemicals that alter natural cycles, over harvesting potentially renewable resources, and eliminating predators and introducing new species
Humans have interfered in the development of natural ecosystem by
Reduce the incidence of malaria
The world health organization initiated spaying in Borneo (Brunei) to
Parachuting healthy cats into the area
The world health organization controlled sylvatic plague in Borneo (Brunei) by
Period Y-Z
Which time period shows the highest rate of growth of the population?
Better sanitation, improved health care, and agriculture improvements
Which of the following contributed to the change in world population during the 1900s that is shown in the graph?
Y
Which point on the graph indicates the approximate world population in the year 1950
1 billion
The American Revolution began in 1776. According to the graph, what was the approximate world population at that time?
Period 3
During which time period are the birth rate and death rate equal?
Period 3
The rate of growth of a population is represented by r. During which of the time does period does r=0?
Period 4
The time period during which r would have a negative value is
