2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, I will discourse types, causes and effects of hold of undertaking in the building industry. Besides that, I will besides discourse the method to minimise the holds go oning in building industry
2.2 Type of Delay
In building industry, there are the classs of holds used in finding hold harm as shown in table 2.1
Delay
Coincident Delay
Excusable Delay
Non-Excusable Delay
Entitlement for clip
Compensable
Non-compensable
Figure 2.1 Types of Delay
2.2.1 Excusable holds
Excusable hold as define a hold that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractor ‘s or the subcontractor ‘s control. Normally, based on common general commissariats in public bureau specifications, hold ensuing from the undermentioned events would be considered excusable such as fires, inundations, owner-directed alterations, mistakes and skips in the contract drawing, remarkably terrible conditions and etc. Excusable holds can be farther classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. ( Ibnu Abbas Majid,2006 )
2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation
Compensation holds are caused by the proprietor or the proprietor ‘s agents. An illustration of this would be the drawings late release from the proprietor ‘s designer. An excusable, paying hold usually leads to a agenda extension and exposes the proprietor to fiscal amendss claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs extra indirect costs for both drawn-out field office and place office operating expense and unabsorbed place office operating expense. ( Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009 )
2.2.1.2 Excusable holds without compensation
Non-compensable holds are caused by 3rd parties or incidents beyond the control of both the proprietor and the contractor. Examples typically include Acts of the Apostless of God, unusual conditions, work stoppages, fires, Acts of the Apostless of authorities in its crowned head capacity, etc. In this instance, the contractor is usually entitled to claim extension of clip but no compensation for hold amendss. ( Abdul Hamid Kadir Pakir 2009 )
2.2.2 Non-excusable holds
Non-excusable holds are cause by deficiency of public presentation of the contractor on the building undertaking. This hold can be cause by underestimations of productiveness, improper undertaking planning and programming, hapless site direction and supervising, incorrect building methods, equipment dislocations, undependable subcontractors or providers. Therefore, it is contractor duties to go on their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of clip or hold amendss until they completed the undertaking. For case, a contractor failure to supply an equal stuff to completed their occupation.
2.2.3 Coincident Delay
Coincident hold is a job that go oning on most of the building industry undertaking. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same clip in a undertaking can non finish on clip. In this state of affairs, both proprietor and contractor are responsible for the hold. Commonly concurrent holds which involve any two or more excusable holds result in extension of clip. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable holds are coincident, an extension of clip can be issued or the hold can be distribution between the proprietor and the contractor. Coincident hold can be classs in three types of holds:
If excusable and non-excusable holds occur at the same time, the contractor merely to let claim for extension of clip:
If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation holds occur at the same time, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of clip but no hold amendss:
If two excusable with compensation holds occur at the same time, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of clip and hold amendss.
For case, a coincident hold would be if the proprietor failure to give more item sing either utilizing ceramic tile or homogenous tile for lavatory floor coatings. But at the same clip contractor made with ain determination and utilizing ceramic tile for lavatory floor coatings but really proprietor program utilizing homogenous tile. In this state of affairs, the contractor can non claim for amendss. It is because contractor is non follow proprietor direction but he can claim for extension of clip with proprietor failure to give more item of pulling
2.3 Cause of hold
Bramble and Callahan ( 1987 ) have defined that ; “ a hold is the clip during which some portion of the building undertaking has been extended or non performed due to an unforeseen circumstance. An incident of hold can arise from within the contractor ‘s organisation or from any of the other factors interfacing upon building Project. Some undertakings are merely a few yearss behind the agenda ; some are delayed over a twelvemonth. So it is indispensable to specify the existent causes of hold in order to minimise and avoid the holds in any building undertaking. Many and assorted surveies were carried to measure the causes of holds in building undertakings. ”
Assaf et al. , ( 1995 ) surveyed “ the causes of hold in big edifice building undertakings in Saudi Arabia. The most of import causes of hold undertaking in building industry included blessing of holds in payments to contractors and the ensuing cash-flow jobs during building, store drawings, design alterations, struggles in work agendas of subcontractors, design mistakes, labour deficit and unequal labour accomplishments, slow determination devising and executive bureaucratism in the proprietors ‘ organisations. ”
Mezher et al. , ( 1998 ) conducted a study of “ the causes of holds in the building industry in Lebanon from the point of view of proprietors, contractors and architectural/engineering houses. It was found that proprietors had more concerns with respect to fiscal issues ; contractors regarded contractual relationships the most of import, while advisers considered project direction issues to be the most of import causes of holds. ”
Ogunlana et al. , ( 1996 ) studied “ the holds in edifice undertakings in Thailand, as an illustration of developing economic systems. They concluded that the jobs of the building industry in developing economic systems could be nested in three beds: job of deficits or insufficiencies in industry substructure, chiefly supply of resources, jobs caused by clients and advisers, and jobs caused by incompetency of contractors. ”
Kumaraswamy et al. , ( 1998 ) surveyed “ the causes of building holds in Hong Kong as seen by clients, contractors and advisers, and examined the factors impacting productiveness. The study revealed differences in perceptual experiences of the comparative significance of factors between the three groups, declarative mood of their experiences, possible biass and deficiency of effectual communicating. ”
Chan and Kumaraswamy ( 1996 ) conducted a study “ to measure the comparative importance of 83 possible hold factors in Hong Kong building undertakings and found five chief factors: hapless hazard direction and supervising, unanticipated site conditions, slow determination devising, client-initiated fluctuations, and work variations.these causes were categorized into the following into eight groups: ”
Project-related factors include undertaking features, necessary fluctuations, communicating among the assorted parties, velocity of determination doing affecting all undertaking squads, and land conditions ;
Client-related factors include those concerned with client features, undertaking funding, their fluctuations and demands, and interim payments to contractors ;
Design team-related factors include design squad experience, undertaking design complexness, and errors and holds in ( bring forthing ) design paperss ;
Contractor-related factors include contractor experience in planning and commanding the undertakings, site direction and supervisings, grade of subcontracting, and their cash-flow ;
Materials related factors include deficits, stuffs alterations, procurance scheduling, and proportion of off-site prefabrication ;
Labor factors related include labour deficits, low accomplishment degrees, weak motive, and low productiveness ;
Plant/Equipment related factors include deficits, low efficiency, dislocations, and incorrect choice ; and
External factors include waiting clip for blessing of drawings and trial samples of stuffs and environmental concerns and limitations.
Abd. Majid and McCaffer ( 1998 ) studied “ the factors of non-excusable holds that influence contractors ‘ public presentation. They classified the chief causes of non excusable holds harmonizing to the beginning of happening, and so identified the factor lending to those causes. It is assumed that the client has more control over the paying holds and can take action to forestall them. The contractor is expected to hold control over the non-excusable holds and, presumptively, make more to forestall them. They classified the factor of causes of non-excusable holds into 12
groups: material-related holds ; labor-related holds ; equipment-related holds ; financial-related holds ; improper planning ; deficiency of control ; subcontractor-related holds ; hapless coordination ; unequal supervising ; improper building methods ; proficient forces deficits ; and hapless communicating. ”
Mansfield et al. , ( 1994 ) studied “ the causes of hold and cost overproduction in building undertakings in Nigeria. The consequences showed that the most of import factors are financing and payment for completed plants, hapless contract direction, alterations in site conditions, deficit of stuff, and improper planning. ”
Al-Momani ( 2000 ) conducted a quantitative analysis of “ building holds by analyzing the records of 130 public edifice undertakings constructed in Jordan during the period of 1990A?1997. The research worker presented arrested development theoretical accounts of the relationship between existent and planned undertaking continuance for different types of edifice installations. The analysis besides included the reported frequences of clip extensions for the different causes of holds. The research worker concluded that the chief causes of hold in building undertakings relate to interior decorators, user alterations, conditions, site conditions, late bringings, economic conditions, and increase in measures. ”
