Part 1 Access to internet has increased the occurrence of unfair practice at British Universities. Aim: Aim of this essay is to make familiarity with Internet terminology. To explain how it is useful for students in their study, what is unfair practice of internet, how students do misuse of internet and how it is eliminated or decreased to a minimum level in education. Introduction: Internet is a network in which computers located at different places in world are connected in a network so a user can access the information from any other computer which is connected within the network.
Some of the examples of internet usage are downloading free software; sending emails, getting news of different part of world, surfing to find out required information, downloading of music and movies, chatting with people etc. Internet is widely used in corporate sector and also in educational sector. In today‘s education system internet is like basic requirements of students. Students can expand their knowledge by reading materials on different subjects from internet. Students can get number of free downloadable books which can be useful for them in their study.
Because of these reasons usage of internet is increased in education. But with its good features its misuse is also increased day by day. Students use internet as a shortcut for their study. Like students have to make assignments, dissertation, case-study etc. They use internet materials directly by doing minor changes in them so they can prevent themselves from the hard work required to complete these things. This is known as Plagiarism. Due to easy availability of internet access and wide range of available information on internet cases of plagiarism increase day by day at British Universities.
Possible reasons of increasing plagiarism and how students do plagiarism and suggested effective steps to decrease plagiarism is discussed here. Analysis: Internet is easily available to students who pursuing university level education. Students who are doing graduation or post graduation they have to generally write assignments, essays or dissertation on different subjects. Students are at this level feel more comfortable with electronic material than traditional printed copies as there are many books on internet are available for free download.
Day by day cases of plagiarism are increased. This is due to wide range of availability of knowledge provider resources via internet. In past cheating and copying other’s work was possible through printed book or reading materials (http://www. duplichecker. com/ Plagiarismandinternet. asp) and so it was more time consuming for students to find out related books and materials while now by typing topic name on Google search engine, student can get list of number of different sites which provide related information.
With help of internet student can get information and material for various different fields like from literature to technology. So if students have to make his own assignment or research paper he can go to internet and get various material from different sites and he will do “copy – paste” part of information from these sites put them in proper order and make some word changes and produce it as his own work. So with help of internet which provide wide stock of information and material, student can complete his assignment or essay task in few hours.
In university courses students have to study number of different subjects and for these subjects they have to either make research paper or assignment. Probably deadline to submit all assignment at the same day and due to poor time management during whole course, student has pressure of a lot of work so he does not have proper time to find out proper material, to read it, understand it and by this way increasing his knowledge and then make his own paper or assignment in which he uses internet material for providing support of his argument with proper referencing.
But this method is quite time consuming and so at last moments, he prefers to copy available material available on internet with minor changes and by adding some own words. Students who enter into higher study at British Universities like graduate or postgraduate level study have easy access of internet and due to this easy availability of internet access they feel more comfortable with electronic materials like soft copy of different books which are available free on internet.
Students may come from different part of the world. It is possible that education system of new place and home country is different. Student when he was studying in his country, taking material from internet and using it directly for own use is acceptable. (http://www. ukcle. ac. uk/resources/plagiarism/duggan. html) In some countries education system does not give more importance on assignment in many fields of study, it is just like homework of school students.
If student comes from such country he may be habituate to use internet material for his own work but in British Universities assignments and research papers having good importance as they are used to know about students’ knowledge level and understandability for that particular subject. Students are advised to use internet for getting knowledge of their subject with help of this knowledge they can write their own papers but instead of getting knowledge for subject they will find out different case studies, assignments which are widely available on internet and do “copy-paste” good part of these materials and shown its own work.
Discussion:_ The main reason of internet plagiarism by students is the assumption that internet is public domain and so information available on internet can be used by anyone without attribution and they do not have clarity about copyright material and intellectual property and so they do not provide proper referencing while they use internet material and by this way misuse of internet increases. (Baruchson S. , Printed Versus Internet Plagiarism: A Study of Student’s Perception, 2004, P. ) Another reason of unfair practice of internet is careless note taking. While student doing research at that time it note downs important points which he can include in his paper. During this noting down if student is careless he may mix paraphrase and directly coated material. While student writes his assignment he cannot distinguish paraphrased and directly coated material and if student does not write complete bibliography and if he cannot provide reference of original source for quoted material. http://www. library. ualberta. ca/guides/plagiarism/why/index. cfm) Pressure from family, competition and jobs are play important role for students who studying at university level. Students who studying graduation and post graduation level at British Universities they are paying very high fees for their education and generally this money they got from their family and so family expects a good reward. Due to family expectation and due to competition for jobs students have to perform best in their study.
At this time students have to perform well although they are less knowledgeable in some subjects and so they use internet to get good quality of material to make their paper work or assignments or to get readily available essays or assignment to submit as their own work and by this way they do unfair practice of internet. Here is the two related example of plagiarism. First example is Buying essays from internet. Student studying at university has to write essay on a particular topic for his assignment work.
Student is not able to complete this task either due to a lot of pressure as other assignment work is also pending due to poor time management he tries to find out some readily available material from internet because internet is the only source from where student can get wide range of material quickly. He goes to Google search engine and type “Essays on a particular topic”. Google shows link of number of different sites which provides readily available essays for that topic. From these sites some sites provide essays without taking any charge and some sites take a big fee for providing essays.
Free essay sites provide some prewritten essays on number of different topics, students can get essay of his related topic easily from these kind of essay banks but these essays are pre written in generalist manner and written to provide more general information rather than going into depth of that subject and so these kind of essays do not provide good research information and also more vulnerable to be caught for plagiarism but student who is not focused on study just wanted to submit essay work due to compulsion, got essay from these sites and provide it as its own work by this way they misuse internet and increase plagiarism.
If student wants better quality essay than free to get good grade without his own hard work and for that he is ready to pay. Sites which take money for essays are blessing for them. Student registers with this paid essay sites and provide topic name on which he requires his essay. Sites which are taking money for essays have either appointed some professional literature writer for their customers or they are bidding on internet and give this writing task to writer who is either professional writer or student of same field who wants to make money by doing research work and essay writing for some other person .
Here paid essay writing sites take a valuable fees from students to provide him an essay with good quality of research work and from this money only small part of money is provided to that person who is actually writing essay. By doing misuse of internet student gets a good quality of essay from internet which is less vulnerable from plagiarism as it is written by another person for student by doing research and study work. Second example is copying of software programs for project. Student who is studying in computer science engineering has to make software project in last term of his study and final assessment is done on this project.
Student is less knowledgeable on that subject on which subject that he has to make a project. Software project mainly consists of number of different software programs and every software program has its own functionality and after integration of all these modules full functionality software comes into existence. When student does not have enough knowledge to make these individual modules he tries to find out these modules or related modules separately from internet after getting separate module it checks its workability and make some modification according to project requirement.
After getting all modules in working condition by this way it integrates all modules to achieve final functionality and shows that project is made by him but actually he does some modification to existing modules on internet instead of making those modules by himself and due to this modification it is not easily caught for plagiarism. This way student studying in computer science engineering misuse internet for his last tem project. To decrease unfair practice at universities awareness is requires in each student for decreasing plagiarism.
For this university has to either provide special subject like study skills or providing some training session before beginning of any new course. This subject includes to explain students how to write their assignments, essays and research paper during their course. With this kind of training session student can know the proper way to use internet for getting knowledge instead of doing copy-paste from it. Students should have knowledge about software which is used to detect plagiarism. If student have knowledge about this software they can know the important points need to be into consideration while they are doing their own work.
Providing training in initial stage becomes very helpful for students to improve quality of work done by them and by this way plagiarism can also be decreased. Conclusion: From above discussion and examples it is cleared that plagiarism is an issue for educational universities due to easily available of internet access. Due to easily availability of internet students are more dependent on internet for their study work. Internet also provides various short-cut options for students and students tempted to them easily and involves in unfair practices.
Due to wide range of available database and presence of some sites who make money by spreading plagiarism by charging money for providing ready coursework increase unfair practices on internet which is widely known as Plagiarism. Part 2 (A) 5 examples of valid arguments sourced from articles, books, newspapers, websites and or magazines. The arguments must be clearly referenced and annotated showing the argument pattern. Where a premise is missing, the argument form must be identified and the missing premise supplied. 1)Scientific discoveries are continuously debunking religious myths.
Further, science provides the only hope for solving the many problems faced by humankind. Hence, science provides more accurate view of human life than does religion. (http://www. uky. edu/~rosdatte/phi120/lesson1a. htm) Premise: Scientific discoveries are continuously debunking religious myths. Further, science provides the only hope for solving the many problems faced by humankind. Conclusion: Science provides more accurate view of human life than does religion Discussion: In this argument conclusion tells that science is capable more accurate view of human life than does religion.
Premises of this argument provides support to conclusion as premises describes that science has capacity to debunk religious myths means science can expose wrong belief of people by providing some facts against to it. By providing these proofs science proves that some believes are not true which people follow as a part of their traditional culture and trying to convince for not following these myths and explain them to leave better life style. There are many problems whose solutions are invented by science but solution of these problems cannot be invented only by religion norms.
Premise also tells that science is trying to find out solution of problems of humankind to give better life to them. Where finding out solution with traditional religious believes is not possible, science gives hope to get solution of it. This argument is deductive valid argument as first it provides statement which provides support to conclusion means here premises provided for conclusion is strong enough to support conclusion. 2)Our works prove to be very successful. In the past three years, each of our five clients has experienced the fastest growth of sales in their history.
Therefore, if your company meets management problems, do not hesitate to call Sigma & Max, since we are the best management consulting company. ( http://www. gmatcat. com/verbal. html) Premise: Our works prove to be very successful. In the past three years, each of our five clients has experienced the fastest growth of sales in their history. Therefore, if your company meets management problems, do not hesitate to call Sigma & Max, since we are the best management consulting company. Conclusion: We are the best management consulting company. Discussion:
In this argument premises provides strong base for the conclusion. Premises gives explanation related to conclusion. Conclusion says that Sigma and Max are best management consulting company and premises provide proof for conclusion. In premises it is describe that work done by Sigma and Max management consulting company is very successful in past three year as they have five clients and all these clients did fastest growth of sales in their history. So from premises provides strong supportive reason for concluding Sigma & Max as best management consulting company.
This is a valid argument in which premises provides strong reason for conclusion. 3)All bodies falling near the surface of the Earth obey Galileo’s law. All planets obey Kepler’s law. Therefore all material objects obey Newton’s laws. ( http://philosophy. wisc. edu/Forster/220/notes_1. html) Premise: All bodies falling near surface of the Earth obey Galileo’s law. All planets obey Kepler’s law. Conclusion: All material objects obey Newton’s law. Discussion: In this argument premise says that all bodies nearer to surface of the earth obey Galileo’s law and all planets obey Kepler’s law.
This premise describes laws followed by bodies present on earth and law followed by planets, which is fact. Conclusion tells that all material objects obey Newton’s laws. Here conclusion is fact but premise does not provide support for this, means here premise and conclusion both are fact but they are not mutual and so premise provides for conclusion is week for this argument. 4)It is always wrong to kill a human being, and a fetus is undoubtedly a human being. It follows that abortion is always wrong. ( http://www. jimpryor. net/teaching/vocab/argument. htm)
Premise: It is always wrong to kill a human being, and a fetus is undoubtedly a human being. Conclusion: It follows that abortion is always wrong. Discussion: In this argument premise tells that to kill a human being is wrong and premise also includes that fetus is also human being. Premise of this argument gives two important statement regarding killing human being and regarding fetus. Conclusion of this argument tells that to abort fetus is always wrong thing and reason why it is wrong is given in premise. Here premise and conclusion in this argument are true.
And premise provides support for conclusion. Conclusion statement proves from premise statement by stating that fetus is human and killing of human kind is wrong and so abortion is wrong. This argument is deductive valid argument where premise strongly supports conclusion. 5)Jobs in IT and other sectors to be taken by migrants. Under an intra-company transfer, an employer can fill all vacancies in its UK operations by bringing across some of its existing foreign-based staff who are paid less than resident workers. (http://economictimes. indiatimes. om/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Travel/Visa-Power/Migrants-in-UK-to-get-identity-cards-from-January/articleshow/5323542. cms) Premise: Under an intra-company transfer, an employer can fill all vacancies in its UK operations by bringing across some of its existing foreign-based staff who are paid less than resident workers. Conclusion: Jobs in IT and other sectors to be taken by migrants. Discussion: In this argument premise explain steps taken by employers to save their money. They fill vacancies in UK from some other country’s branch and so they have to pay lesser than resident workers and saving their money.
Conclusion tells that in Uk jobs in IT and other sectors to be taken by migrants. Here premise statement strongly supports conclusion as skilled workers are coming to work in UK and opportunities are grabbed by them as they are experienced and intelligent and ready to work in lesser money than resident workers and so conclusion is that resident workers are not getting job in their home country. Here premise provides reasons to support conclusion. This is a valid argument where premise strongly support to conclusion. Part 2 (B) 5 examples of fallacies sourced from articles, books, newspapers, websites and/or magazines.
The arguments must be clearly referenced and annotated with the name of fallacy and an explanation of why the argument is an example of that fallacy. 1)Appeal to Popularity Fallacy Example: My fellow Americans, there has been some talk that the government is overstepping its bounds by allowing police to enter peoples’ homes without the warrants traditionally required by the constitution. However these are dangerous times and dangerous times require appropriate actions. I have in my office thousands of letters from people who let me know, in no uncertain terms, that they heartily endorse the war against crime in these United States.
Because of this overwhelming approval, it is evident that police are doing the right thing. ” (http://www. nizkor. org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-popularity. html) Explanation: Basic idea for fallacy of Appeal to Popularity is that here claim has been accepted as truth if it is accepted by majority. This means that claims of such factors which are favorable for majority and so they are widely accepted by majority this means that claim is being accepted as truth but it is not always right. In above example it is stated that to prevent crime government of United States give permission to police to enter into peoples’ home without warrant.
Thousands of people think that it is right decision and favoring them, it does not mean that all people are accepting it and due to acceptance of majority people it is not proper to declare it as right thing. There are many disadvantages like police can go to any home at any time and so it can create disturbance in peoples’ lives. If police misuse this right than it becomes a big headache for people i. e. police go to houses at late night for checking without warrant. If this right is misused by police than decision which is made is not right but here in above statement it is accepted as right thing.
So it can be said that it is a fallacy of Appeal to Popularity. 2)Circular Fallacy Example: Homosexuals must not be allowed to hold government office. Hence any government official who is revealed to be a homosexual will lose his job. Therefore homosexuals will do anything to hide their secret, and will be open to blackmail. Therefore homosexuals cannot be allowed to hold government office. (http://www. virtualschool. edu/mon/SocialConstruction/Logic. html) Explanation: In Circular fallacy conclusion is as one of its stated premises.
In circular fallacy instead of providing proof of conclusion, premise contains modified form of conclusion. In above example it is written that homosexuals must not be allowed to hold government office and if any official found homosexual then he will lose his job so government official will do anything for hiding secrets as they want to hold their job. Here premise is modification of conclusion and it is circular. Above example explains that if government official is homosexual, he will lose his job and if government official wants to hold his job he has to hide his secret.
Here whole argument is circular within homosexual and government job. Main aim of this argument is to explain that homosexual cannot be government official but it is mentioned in circular manner which is known as circular fallacy. 3)Fallacy irrelevant conclusion Example: A lawyer in defeating his alcoholic client who was murdered three people in a drunken spree argues that alcoholism is a terrible disease and attempts should be made to eliminate it. (http://www. wdv. com/Writings/Fallacies/index. html ) Explanation In fallacy of irrelevant conclusion, someone argues on one topic and proves another topic.
Means in this kind of fallacy premise and conclusion are differ from each other. The conclusion which is irrelevant to original assertion is presented in such a manner that it looks like relevant to original assertion. For example stated above a lawyer who is defeating his client who did murder of three people in a drunk spree but he is doing arguments against alcohol and stated bad impacts of alcohol. Here instead of providing arguments in favor of his client by doing such kind of argument he opposes his own client instead of defeating.
This is called Fallacy of irrelevant conclusion. 4)Appeal to Ignorance Falacy Example: A flood as described in the Bible would require an enormous volume of water to be present on the earth. The earth does not have a tenth as much water, even if we count that which is frozen into ice at the poles. Therefore no such flood occurred. (http://www. virtualschool. edu/mon/SocialConstruction/Logic. html) Explanation: This fallacy occurs when it is argued that some statement must be true because it has not been proven false or some statement must be false because it has not been proven truth.
Here in above example it is stated that flood which can be described as per Bible would have an enormous volume of water to be present on earth and earth does not have even tenth part of required water including ice which is present at poles. From this statement conclusion is given that flood is not occurred. This example shows that earth does not contain requires water as per described in Bible and so concluded that flood is not occurred which is resulted into Appeal to ignorance fallacy. 5)Argumentum ad hominem Falacy Example: It is perfectly acceptable to kill animals for food.
How can you argue otherwise when you are quiet happy to wear leather shoes? (http://www. virtualschool. edu/mon/SocialConstruction/Logic. html) Explanation: This kind of fallacy occurs when inspite of trying to disprove assertion arguer directly attacks on person who has given assertion statement. This is not right because truth of assertion not related to the person who has given that assertion. In above example arguer attacks on person who has given the assertion for not killing animals by asking the question like if it is not acceptable to kill animals then why he uses leather shoes.
In this way arguer attacks on person who has given assertion to disprove his assertion and this kind of fallacy known as Argument de Hominem. Part 2 (C) Evaluations of two arguments supplied by the lecturer. The evaluation must consist of at least one paragraph analyzing the structure of the argument and ata least two paragraph evaluating the argument’s strength and weakness. 1) Living costs are also increasing in the areas of housing affordability. In a recent survey, 68% of people said that they found it more difficult to pay their rent or housing loan than last year.
Explanation: In above argument premise is in a recent survey, 68% of people said that they found it more difficult to pay their rent or housing loan than last year while conclusion is living costs are also increasing in the areas of housing affordability. Here premise provides support to conclusion statement by providing percentage of surveys. Here Premise provides validity to conclusion and so this is a deductive valid argument. In above argument premise provides reason for the conclusion.
Premise tells that by doing survey it comes to know that from all surveyed people 68 percent people are such that they feel that living costs are increased in compare to last year and because of this they face difficulty to pay rent or housing loan. Here premise shows that majority people are in support with conclusion and by this means this premise provides strong support to conclusion. Providing percentage of number to support conclusion of argument is the strength of this argument.
In above argument premise considers about 68 percent people who face difficulty to pay their rent or housing loans and they support the conclusion that living costs are also increasing in the areas of housing affordability. This argument provides focus on 68 percent of people but it does not provide any importance or not specify anything about remaining percentage of people which becomes the weaker part of argument. Here in this argument result of survey plays an important role for deciding conclusion. Here in this argument percentage number provides in Premise strongly supports to the conclusion of argument.
So here in this argument relation is strong between premise and conclusion. 2) The decline in the fertility rate is a further reason that immigration will become more and more important. According to Weston (2001) the fertility rate in this country has fallen from 3. 5 live births per woman in 1961 to its lowest level ever, 1. 8 babies per woman in 1999 and 2000. Explanation: In above argument premise is According to Weston (2001) the fertility rate in this country has fallen from 3. 5 live births per woman in 1961 to its lowest level ever, 1. babies per woman in 1999 and 2000 and conclusion is the decline in the fertility rate is a further reason that immigration will become more and more important. Here conclusion tells that decline in the fertility rate is a further reason that immigration will become more important and premise gives number for live births per woman in 1961 and 1999-2000. Here premise provides only numeric data for live births per woman for different year. In this argument premise has numeric data which describes that lives birth per woman in 1961 is 3. 5 and this number falls to 1. in 1999 and 2000. This premise provides numeric data but it gives clarity that fertility rate is decreasing from past to present and this premise helps to support partial conclusion which mentions that fertility rate is decreasing. This is the stronger part of argument where premise provides support for partial part of conclusion. In the conclusion of this argument it is described that the decline in the fertility rate is a further reason that immigrants will become more important but premise does not contain supporting statement how immigrants will be more important.
Here premise has only numeric data for fertility decreasing and does not have any other statement which supports the other part of conclusion which describes about increasing importance of immigrants. Here premise provided for conclusion is not strong means premise provided for conclusion is week. References: 1. http://www. duplichecker. com/Plagiarismandinternet. asp 2. http://www. library. ualberta. ca/guides/plagiarism/why/index. cfm 3. http://www. ukcle. ac. uk/resources/plagiarism/duggan. html 4. http://www. virtualschool. edu/mon/SocialConstruction/Logic. html 5. http://www. dv. com/Writings/Fallacies/index. html 6. Printed versus Internet Plagiarism: A study of student’s perception, Baruchson S. , 2004 7. http://www. nizkor. org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-popularity. html 8. http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Travel/Visa-Power/Migrants-in-UK-to-get-identity-cards-from-January/articleshow/5323542. cms 9. http://www. jimpryor. net/teaching/vocab/argument. htm 10. http://philosophy. wisc. edu/Forster/220/notes_1. html 11. http://www. gmatcat. com/verbal. html 11. http://www. uky. edu/~rosdatte/phi120/lesson1a. htm
