Adamson Manufacturing Company Essay

Question 1

Advantages and disadvantage of four alternate dividends constabularies.

The house ‘s dividend policy must be produced with two basic aims in head, which are maximising the wealth of the house ‘s proprietors and supplying for sufficient funding for future undertakings. Harmonizing to Gitman, Juchau & A ; Flanagan ( 2008 ) dividend payout ratio indicates the per centum of each dollar earned which is distributed to the proprietors in the signifier of hard currency. Constant-payout-ratio dividend policy is when a house establishes a certain per centum of net incomes that will be paid to proprietors each twelvemonth. Through out the history Adamson has followed the pattern of paying out about 60 per centum of its net incomes as hard currency dividend invariably each twelvemonth. The dividend fluctuated with net incomes from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. A major defect of this policy is that if the house ‘s net incomes bead or are volatile in a given period, the dividends may be low or even non-existent.

Harmonizing to Gitman, Juchau & A ; Flanagan ( 2008 ) Regular dividend policy is based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in each period. It provides investors with positive information indicating that the house is making good and it minimizes uncertainness. Normally houses utilizing this policy will increase the regular dividend one time a proved addition in net incomes has occurred. Under this policy, dividend about ne’er decreases. One of the advantages of the regular dividend policy is that it consequences in a stable dividend watercourse over clip, run intoing the demands of stockholders who require declaration of uncertainness. Adamson Manufacturing Company ‘s bulk stockholders are retired persons, college gift financess, income-oriented common financess and other investors who are seeking high return and over the past old ages the company ‘s dividend has been fluctuating with its net incomes which does non gave a good feeling about the company ‘s fiscal wellness. Such could wish to acquire a regular dividend each twelvemonth so that they are confident plenty to go on keeping portions in the company. On the other manus, disadvantages of regular dividend policy are there may be times when the company will necessitate to entree capital from external beginning such as borrowing loan to pay dividend when the company is non bring forthing adequate net incomes per portion. Besides, there may be times when the company will hold extra hard currency on manus.

Low-regular-and-extra dividend policy can be established when the company is paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an extra dividend called excess dividend. By following the low regular dividend, the company can give investors the stable income necessary to construct assurance in the company, and the excess dividend permits them to portion in net incomes if the company experiences a hard currency excess. When sing Adamson Manufacturing Company, Joel Norman and Allison Crane strongly suggested that the dividend payout ratio should be reduced from 60 per centum, because they think high dividend payout is inappropriate for the company because of the capital restriction which late forced the company to turn down some enlargement chances that promised comparatively high rate of return and they have besides noted that several other managers who has big retentions in the company has been paying high revenue enhancement rate of 40 per centum of all dividends received to the authorities. The company should see low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy, as it besides addresses the issues of declaration of uncertainness and allows the company to administer excess financess. However, under this policy there still may be some times when the house will hold to travel to external equity market when it faces a great demand for equity capital because of many good undertakings. Besides, if the company declares excessively many supernumeraries in a row, the investors may anticipate the excess dividend all the clip.

Under Residual Dividend Policy dividend paid by a house should be viewed as a residuary that is the sum left over after all acceptable investing chances have been undertaken. The advantages of residuary dividend policy are that lower cost beginnings of funding are used and financess are distributed to stockholders on which the company can non gain a rate of return greater than weighed mean cost of capital. However, the disadvantages of residuary dividend policy can be the figure of good capital undertakings will change from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and because the net income will besides change from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, the dividend over clip will be extremely variable including no dividend in one twelvemonth and high dividend in another twelvemonth. The watercourse of dividend will botch the repute of Adamson Manufacturing Company of paying generous dividend over the past old ages and a batch of stockholders will be forced to sell their portions and reinvest in other company who will be offering high dividend payout ratio.

Gitman, Juchau & A ; Flanagan ( 2008 ) states that clientele effects exists where the house will pull stockholders whose penchant with regard to the payment and stableness of dividends correspond to the payment form and stableness of house itself. Stockholders who desire stable and predictable dividend as a beginning if income holds the portions of a house that pay about the same dividend sum each period and stockholders who prefer to gain capital addition are more attracted to turning houses that reinvest a big part of their net incomes.

Question 2

Advantages and disadvantages of an proclaimed dividend policy.

The chief advantage of holding an proclaimed dividend policy is that it reduces investor ‘s insecurity, and decreases in insecurity are by and large associated with lower capital costs and higher stock monetary values, other things being equal. The disadvantage is that such a policy might diminish corporate flexibleness. However, the proclaimed policy would perchance include elements of flexibleness. Therefore, it would be attractive for managers to denote their policies. The net incomes of a company can either be re-invested in the company or paid to its stockholders as a dividend. In New Zealand, the sum and frequence of dividends is decided by the board of managers. When a company announces the dividend policy even though it has made a loss during a twelvemonth, it has to go on paying dividends from the maintained net incomes from old old ages or to suspend the dividend. Where a company receives a non-recurring addition, e.g. from the sale of some assets, and has no programs to reinvest the net incomes is frequently returned to stockholders in the signifier of a particular dividend. This type of dividend is frequently better than usual and occurs exterior of the normal dividend distribution agenda.

Question 3

Consequence of payout policy on growing rate of net incomes per portion.

Sustainability growing rate is calculated by multiplying Plough-Back ratio by Return on Equity. Plough-Back ratio shows the proportion of net incomes that is non paid out as dividend but retained in the company for future investing. Return on Equity is the sum of net income returned as a per centum of stockholders equity. It measures a company ‘s profitableness by saying how much net income a company generates with the stockholders has invested. Harmonizing to Tatum ( 2010 ) , a sustainable growing rate is the sum of growing that a company can accomplish and keep on an on-going footing without borrowing money. It is the highest growing rate the house can keep without increasing its fiscal purchase. Sustainable growing rate depends on plowback rate and return on equity, house may turn quickly in short term by depending on debt finance but these type of growing can non be maintained without incurring inordinate debt degrees.

Question 4

Low payout ratios have high price/earnings ratio.

Harmonizing to Ogilvie & A ; Parkinson, ( 2006 ) the relationship between dividend payout policy and Price Net incomes Ratio is that entity with high Price Net incomes ratio ha a low dividend payout ratio. The informations shown in Table 3 for selected Stock Market shows Companies with low dividend payout ratio has high mean price-earnings ratio and frailty versa. Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan, ( 2008 ) states that the house ‘s fiscal demands are straight related to how much it experts to turn and what assets it will necessitate to get. A growing house is likely to depend on internal finance which is through retained net incomes and is likely to pay out merely a really little per centum of its net incomes as dividend. Investors looking for capital growing may prefer lower payout ratio because capital growing is taxed at lower rate and a high growing house by and large pays low or zero dividend. Wikipedia ( 2010 ) states Price-Earnings ratio is a step of monetary value paid for portion comparative to the one-year net income earned by the house per portion. Stockss with higher prognosis net incomes growing will normally hold higher Price-Earnings, and those expected to hold lower net incomes growing will in most instances have a lower Price-Earnings.

As per Table 3, Data General has zero dividend payout per centum with highest mean Price-Earnings ratio of 22. Avon Products has highest dividend payout ratio of 57 and low mean Price-Earnings Ratio of 13. Data General is a growing houses who is retaining all its net incomes for future investings and the stockholders can profit from capital addition.

Question 5

Decrease in the dividend payout rate would increase the monetary value of stock versus such a decrease would drastically cut down the monetary value of the stock.

Some investors prefer company to reinvest its net incomes back into the concern for future growing but many appreciate a generous hard currency dividend payment. Investors prefer dividends is because of the revenue enhancement advantage they are acquiring. New Zealand has dividend imputation recognition policy where the company pays revenue enhancement on its net income and so distributes the dividend to the stockholders. The investors are given the revenue enhancement credits ( imputation ) so that the dividend is non dual taxed.

Dividend payout ratios provide of import penetration into a company ‘s dividend policy. Adamson Manufacturing Company is presently paying 60 per centum of its net income and retaining 40 per centum for future growing. There is an statement between Rose and Walker, that if the dividend payout ratio is decreased, the monetary value of the stock will increase and if the dividend payout is decreased, the portion monetary value will besides decreased. A high payout ratio like Adamson fabricating Company ‘s, it suggests that the company might be paying out more than it can comfortably afford. It non merely does go forth a little per centum of net incomes to plow back into company, but besides it leaves the company extremely vulnerable to a diminution in future dividend payments. Because the act of diminishing dividend is normally interpreted as a mark of failing, when a dividend cut proclamation is made it will trip a diminution in portion monetary value. Even if the company plans to maintain the 60 per centum dividend payout ratio, it will stop up holding increased debt ratio. The company debt ratio has increased from 16.80 % in 2001 to 60.80 % in 2009.

Harmonizing to Wikipedia ( 2010 ) , portion monetary value is purely a consequence of supply and demand. If the demand exceeds supply so the portion monetary value additions. Conversely, if supply exceeds the demand so the portion monetary value lessenings. The rule theory is that the monetary value motion of the portion indicates what investors feel a company is deserving. Some investors might understand that it is for positive ground why the company is diminishing its dividend payout ratio, diminishing dividend payout ratio is by and large positive mark, it shows that company is more able to cover its dividend payout with its net incomes and reduces the adoptions. Therefore, the debt ratio for the company would better in future.

Question 6

Would a stock dividend or a stock split be if usage in this state of affairs?

Harmonizing to Gitman, Juchau & A ; Flanagan, ( 2008 ) portion split is a method normally used to take down the market monetary value of a house ‘s portions by increasing the figure of portions belonging to each stockholder. For illustration, in a 2 for 1 stock split, investor who owns 100 portions of stock valued at $ 100 per portion before the stock split will have 200 portions valued at $ 50 per portion after split. After portion split the investor owns twice every bit many portions, with each portion deserving half every bit much as before the stock split. The chief intent of portion split is to cut down the portion monetary value of a portion in order to do the portion more low-cost to investors.

Harmonizing to Mapsofworld ( 2008 ) stock dividend is the distribution of extra portions to the investors. The chief intent to offer stock dividend is to bring forth financess for the company. When company makes net income, a certain per centum of the net income is distributed to investors harmonizing to their sums of portions in the company. These dividends are in signifier of extra portions known as stock dividend. There are several grounds why companies might take to supply portion dividend to its investors. The company may hold some deficit of liquid hard currency, because of this the company might it hard to supply hard currency dividend to its stockholders. It is besides possible for the company to put more money from earned net income to raise the production degree.

The company should utilize stock dividend, the ground being the company has been paying out a changeless hard currency dividend of 60 per centum every twelvemonth to its investors and has been fring all the chance of enlargements with comparatively high rate of return and besides, investors has been paying 40 per centum of their dividend to authorities in the signifier of revenue enhancement. Cash dividend is downfall for the company and every bit good the investors. Furthermore, company ‘s current ratio has deteriorated from 505 in 2001 to merely 1.71in 2009 and debt ratio is increased from 16.8 % in 2001 to 60.80 % in 2009. These fluctuations in the ratio shows that the company is fring all its liquid hard currency in signifier of paying dividend and farther, the company is borrowing money to keep the 60 per centum payout ratio. By following stock dividend the company can get the better of the hard currency job and besides can maintain investors happy by publishing high dividend payout in signifier of portions and non hard currency.

Question 7

Specific dividend policy should be recommended to the board of managers.

I would urge Adamson Manufacturing Company to follow low-regular-and-extra dividend policy. Dividend policies of companies around the universe vary well. In New Zealand one of the major inducements for puting in the stock market is that New Zealand has no capital addition revenue enhancements. Therefore, investors should demo a penchant for companies that retain net incomes instead than paying high per centum dividend. Companies with many growing chances tend to pay lower dividends, which is to be expected because the financess are required to finance growing and stockholders are willing to waive current income of hope of greater future benefits. Because company ‘s end is to maximise stockholders wealth the dividend policy is one that maximizes the value of house. When a company pays out dividend, it decreases the sum of net incomes that can be used to finance growing. As a consequence, companies pay small or no dividends because net incomes are retained to reinvest in the company.

Adamson Manufacturing Company would in better place if adopting low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy. By set uping low-regular dividend that is paid each period, the house gives investors the stable income necessary to construct assurance in the house and excess dividend permits them to portion in the net incomes if the house experiences an particularly good period. Firms utilizing this policy must raise the degree of dividend one time proved addition in net incomes have been achieved. The excess dividend should non be regular event, otherwise it will go meaningless. Adamson Manufacturing Company should cut down dividend to around 10 per centum to less than 30 per centum to pay on a regular basis depending on how much net income the direction wants to retain for future growing. Paying regular dividends is frequently considered a mark of assurance in the company and retaining portion of the net income can honor stockholders by adding more portions and wealth. Low dividend payout and retaining bulk of it net income can assist better the company ‘s current ratio and debt ratio. Current ratio shows the company ‘s ability to pay short-run duties. The higher the ratio, more capable the company is of paying its duty. A ratio under 1, suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its duty if they came due at that clip. Adamson Manufacturing Company ‘s current ratio decreased drastically to 1.71 chiefly because the current plus decreased due to worsen in hard currency by paying 60 per centum of its maintained net incomes as hard currency dividend. Debt ratio compares the company ‘s entire debt to its entire assets which shows the sum of purchase being used by the company. If the ratio greater than 0.5, most of the company ‘s assets are financed through debt. Adamson Manufacturing Company ‘s debt ratio increased significantly due to the company borrowing debt to finance hard currency dividend. Low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy will assist the company to get the better of its ratio jobs and will company to keep its dividend payment consistence.

Mention

• Gitman, L. , Juchau, R. & A ; Flanagan, J. ( 2008 ) . Principle of Managerial Finance ( 5th ed. ) . New South Wales, Australia: Pearson Education Australia.
• Mapsofworld. ( 2008 ) . Stock Trading. Retrieved May 6, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //finance.mapsofworld.com/stock-trading/
• Ogilvie, J. & A ; Parkinson, C. ( 2006 ) . CIMA: direction Accounting-Financial Strategy. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/Student % 20docs/F3oct06article.pdf
• Tatum, M. ( 2010 ) . Wise Geek: What is Sustainable Growth Rate? . Retrieved May 2, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-sustainable-growth-rate.htm
• Wikipedia. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved May 3, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P/E_ratio