| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | cells are the fundamental unit of life, all organisms are made of >1 cell, all cells come from existing cells |
| a cell contains… (4 things) | cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, extracellular fluid |
| cell membrane | composed of a phospholipid bilayer (phosphate is hydrophilic, lipids are hydrophobic), allows for communication with other cells and the external environment. |
| things that can easily pass through cell membrane | nonpolar molecules, smaller molecules, gases |
| Passive Transport | does not require ATP |
| 2 types of Passive Transport | Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
| Simple diffusion | going from high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | going from high concentration to low concentration with the help of a protein channel. |
| active transport | requires ATP because going against the concentration gradient |
| 2 types of Active Transport | Exocytosis and Endocytosis |
| exocytosis | moving things out of the cell |
| endocytosis | moving things into the cell via a vesicle |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm |
| 3 components of a cytoskeleton | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| microtubules | largest component of cytoskeleton, serves as the monorail for the cell |
| intermediate filaments | most durable component of cytoskeleton, keratin |
| microfilaments | smallest component of cytoskeleton, actin |
| mitochondria | synthesizes ATP, powerhouse of cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | flattened membrane sacs |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lipid synthesis and storage |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | studded with ribosomes which make proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | packages proteins in secretory vesicles |
| Lysosomes | digest waste removal of cell products, breaks down materials in the cell |
| peroxisomes | breaks down fatty acids in cell |
| histology | the study of tissue |
| 3 basic components of tissue | specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance |
| 4 types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| epithelial tissue functions | covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands, produces secretions, is avascular |
| 3 shapes of epithelial tissue | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| tight cell junction | holds cells right next to each other creating a water-tight seal |
| gap cell junction | forms a tube that connects cells, allows for fast intercellular communication |
| desmosomes and hemidesmosomes cell junction | fibers on each cell that hold two cells together, resists mechanical stresses |
| exocrine glands | epithelial glands, secretes product into a duct that then exits into a surface of the body (ex. salivary, mucous) |
| endocrene glands | epithelial glands, secretes product inside the body, is ductless (ex. testes, ovaries) |
| 3 types of secretion processes | merocrine secretion, apocrine secretion, holocrine secretion |
| merocrine secretion | most common, cells produce product and its packaged into vessels, the vessels merge w/ membrane and are released into a duct (lumen) |
| apocrine secretion | taking apical end of the cell and budding it off |
| holocrine secretion | the cell products a substance until the whole cell bursts, dies, and then replace from below |
| connective tissue function | structural framework for organs, supports and protects bones and skeleton, usually few cells and much ECM |
| 3 types of fibers secreted by cells of CT proper | collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers (resist forces in multiple directions) |
| loose ct proper types (3) | areolar, adipose, reticular |
| dense ct proper types (3) | dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
| fluid CT types (2) | blood, lymph |
| Supportive CT types (2) | compact bone, cartilage |
| muscle tissue types (3) | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| neural tissue type (1) | brane |
| 4 types of tissue membranes | mucous membrane, serosa membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane |
| mucous membrane | moist, lines surfaces open to the exterior, protects and catches particles in air and doesn't let them into our system |
| serosa membrane | double layer, lines interior body cavities, surrounds and lubricates organs |
| cutaneous membrane | dry, covers exterior surface (skin) |
| synovial membrane | moist, lines joint cavities, secretes lubricating fluid |
| Integumentary system components (3) | epidermis, dermis, accessory structures (glands, hair, nails) |
| epidermis layers from superficial to deepest | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
| connects the dermis and epidermis together (2) | dermal ridges and papillae |
| dermis layers | papillary layer, reticular layer |
| papillary layer | in the dermis, source of nutrients for epidermis, areolar ct |
| reticular layer | in the dermis, glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels |
| stratum corneum | carotene storage |
| stratum granulosum | granuoles contain a lipid based substance that helps produce a water proofing for our skin |
| melanocytes | gives various shades of brown, made in stratum basal, all skin tones have the same number of melanocytes |
| carotene | mostly in stratum corneum, can turn skin an organ-yellow color |
| circulation | blood vessels open up and allow blood to flow in, blushing, bluing, blanching |
| hypodermis nicknames | aka subcutaneous layer/superficial layer |
| hypodermis | not part of integumentary system, binds skin to underlying tissue |
| arrector pilli muscles | smooth muscles that pull on the sebaceous gland and squirt oil onto the hair |
| sebaceous glands | epidermal gland, oil, become active at puberty, produce sebum, use holocrine secretion |
| sweat glands (2) | eccrine gland: athletic perspiration, merocrine secretion apocrine gland: puberty, armpits, nipples, function is to attract mates |
| mammory glands | produce milk, apocrine secretion |
| ceruminous glands | produce ear wax, apocrone secretion |
