Ionize
Main property of x-radiation that makes it potentially hazardous is its ability to?
Chain reaction in the human body that may eventually cause biologic damage. X-rays are from the Electric Magnetic Spectrum or radiation energy and is considered harmful in high energy ranges.
Describe the damage potential of ionization?
Carcinogenesis – Stochastic/Non-Threshold Effect
What is the most likely potential hazard working with diagnostic radiology?
1 Sievert
.1 Rem = ? Seivert
10 Rad
0.1 Gray = ? Rad
100 Rad
1 Gray = ? Rad
All types of blood cells: Red & White
25 Rads
25 Rads
What is Aplastic Anemia? When dose it occur?
25 Rads or .25 Gray
A decrease in blood count is the earliest response seen to dose radiation. It can occur at dosease as low as?
Process of Cataract Formation
What is Cataractogenesis?
200 Rads, 2 Gray
Cataractogenesis occurs after acute or chronic exposures of how many Rads?
Above 200 Rad, 2 Gray
Skin Eyrythemia (Skin Redning) occurs above?
250 Rads, 2.5 Gray
Temporary Sterility occurs in the adult male at acute doses of how many Rads?
Always practice TDS
Has legal right for re-assignment of duty
Never confuse collar badge with waist badge
Has legal right for re-assignment of duty
Never confuse collar badge with waist badge
Pregnant radiographer should? (3)
OCCUPATIONAL exposures only.
Monthly dosimetry reports is based on what?
Natural or Background Radiation
Monthly Dosimeter reports does NOT include?
0.5 mSv
.05 Rem
NRCP 116
.05 Rem
NRCP 116
What is the recommended monthly dose-equivalent limit for the fetus in the third trimester?
Age x 10 mSv
Age x 1 Rem
NCRP 110
Age x 1 Rem
NCRP 110
Radiation workers cumulative dose-equivalent limit is determined by?
50 mSv (5 Rem)
What is the Occupational radiation dose equivalent limit for stochastic effects to the whole body?
As close as possible to the patient to reduce patient dose and unnecessary magnification.
When using a C-Arm mobile unit, the intensification tower should be?
Roentgens – Ionization in air dose measurement.
Radiation exposure in air = ?
Ion Chamber
Electrical current being generated by a charge created in air thru ionization by x/gamma radiation is called a?
Coulomb/Kilogram
The quantity of radiation exposure measured by an ionization chamber would be?
Air dose
The C/Kg or R is usually the unit measured in?
Gray (1) – Rad (100)
Seivert (1) – Rem (100)
Curie – Bacquerel
Seivert (1) – Rem (100)
Curie – Bacquerel
List the 3 measurements that are more appropriate for measuring absorbed doses for radiation or occupational dose?
Scintillation
Biological
Chemical
Biological
Chemical
What type of changes are used to measure occupational dose? (3)
Film Badge – Operate off Gurney-Mott theory.
Example of personnel monitor that measures radiation thru chemical change reaction?
Describes how an x-ray photon changes silver halide into atomic silver in the film emulsion–a definite chemical change.
Explain the Gurney-Mott Theory…?
No more than a month
How long can a film badge be worn?
Extreme sensitivity to environmental conditions.
Why shouldn’t film badges be worn greater than a month?
Luminescence (NO chemical rx’s occur)
TLD’s operate thru?
1 day and must be reset everyday.
Upper reading limit of 200-300 rads
Upper reading limit of 200-300 rads
Pocket dosimeters can only work for?
Electrical current as a measurement of charge.
Pocket dosimeter uses?
OSD
The type of personnel monitor that could be worn the longest is the?
3 months and be sensitive to 2 mR
Optical stimulated detector can be worn up to?
100 mR per hr
0.1 Rad per hr
NCRP 102
0.1 Rad per hr
NCRP 102
Leakage radiation should NOT exceed how much mR at 1 meter from the scource?
2.1 mR per min for each mA operating at 80 kVp.
According to Bushong, tabletop intensity should NOT exceed what?
10 Renkens per min.
Under normal modes of operation, fluoroscopic procedures should NOT exceed?
Genetic Significant Dose
What does GSD stand for?
Average gonadal dose received by an exposed population. It is used to estimate the genetic impact of medical radiation dose on the entire population.
What is GSD?
Improve image quality
Reduce patient dose
Reduce scatter radiation
Reduce patient dose
Reduce scatter radiation
Beam limiting devices will? (3)
Patients skin
The purpose of reducing added filtration is to reduce radiation dose to?
3 mm Al Equivalent
Recommended amount of filtration in Fluoro?
Would require an increase in technical factors defeating the purpose of filtration.
Disadvantage to having 3 mm Al Equivalent?
2.5 mm Al Equivalent
What is the usual amount of filtration in Fluoro?
Reduced contrast
What effect does excessive filtration have on xray image?
Grid Frequency
# of grid lines per inch or centimeter defines?
8:1
For all dedicated chest units whose tube potential routinely exceeds 90 kVp, the minimum recommended grid ratio is?
8:1
Techniques below or at 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio?
12:1
Techniques above 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio?
16:1 grid
What is the ratio of a grid whose lead strips are 0.25 mm thick, 1.6 mm high and are seperated by a 0.10 mm alluminum spacer?
Gurney-Mott theory
During latent image formation, the concentration of metallic silver in the exposed crystals occurs in the region of the sensitivity specks. This explanation of the formation of the image is reffered to as?
Photoelectric – Changes inner shell electrons
Compton – Affects outer shell electrons
Compton – Affects outer shell electrons
What type of interactions cause ionization of irradiated material?
Photoelectric effect
Which of the following xray interactions with matter is primarily responsible for contrast?
Characteristic Radiation
Radiation produces at very discrete energies of approx 69 kiloelectron colts (kev) when electrons interact with the K shell of the tungsten target atom is called?
Nucleus. It does NOT cause ionization.
Pair-Production affects what portion of the cell?
High LET’s
What type of radiation would produce the greatest amount of biological damage in human tissue?
Lithium Fluoride
What is the active component of the TLD?
Cesium Iodide
What is used in input phosphors?
Zinc Cadmium Sulfide
What is used in output phosphors?
Add light absorbing dye in the x-ray film emulsion
What must be done to Xray film to make it compatible to rare earth phosphors?
95-98%
About what percentage of radiographic density is due to light emitted by an intensifying screen phosphor?
Energy Absorption
What occurs when exit radiation interacts with a Photo-Stimulable imaging plate?
Sodium Iodide
What is used in scintillation gamma cameras in nuclear medicine/CT?
Blue
What color of light emitted by lanthanum oxy-bromide rare earth crystals in the intensifying screen?
8
Maximum # of electron that may be found in the L-Shell of an atom?
Chromosome
DNA
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleus
What is the most radiosensitive part of any human cell?
Mature Lymphocyte
What is arguably the MOST radiosensitive cell in the human body?
Neuroblasts
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia
Example of Radiosensitive stem cells?
Erythrocyte
Human tissue considered to be the most radio-resistant?
End cells w/ no nucleus
Like mature nerve cells, are practically immune from radiation and have about a 4 month life span
Like mature nerve cells, are practically immune from radiation and have about a 4 month life span
What is a Erythrocyte?
Cataracto-genesis
Example of Deterministic Effect?
Cataracts (2 grey – 200 Rad)
Examples of Deterministic or Non-Stochastic associated with a threshold dose?
Leukemia
Thyroid Cancer
Genetic Effects
Thyroid Cancer
Genetic Effects
Examples of Stochastic, Non-Deterministic, Non threshold dose?
Very low doses for cancer & genetic effects.
Whole body doses only need…?
Radiation survey monitor or it can be a hot personnel monitoring device.
What is a cutie pie?
Blooming
Reduction in resolution often seen with the use of higher tube currents in a single focus tube is a phenomenon called?
Lowest kVp and lowest mAs would cause the lowest patient dose.
What type of exposure factors provide the least patient exposure?
Use higher speed screen w/ a comparable change in mAs
What film change can be made to reduce the dose to the patient and surrounding radiographer?
Increase kVp by 15% with a 50% reduction in mAs
Radiographing Lumbar vertebrae of a geriatric patient, what technique change could be made to reduce patient exposure but maintain significant density?
Proper selection of ionization chamber(s)
Precise positioning over desired chambers
NOT Proper selection time
Precise positioning over desired chambers
NOT Proper selection time
What should be considered when using AEC?
Set Field Detector’s (Chambers)
Set Density compensation (+1, +2…)
NOT Set time!
Set Density compensation (+1, +2…)
NOT Set time!
If using automatic exposure control (AEC) device to make an exposure, what would be adjusted to ensure proper optical density from pt to pt?
Between the patient and the image receptor
Where should ionization chambers be located if it is to be used as an efficient automatic exposure
Having insufficient backup time set for a very large patient
Underexposed radiograph produced by AEC device might result from?
Exposure time too short
Appearance of grid lines on radiograph with the table Bucky in use indicates?
Trough Filter
What would be used by tech to compensate for the caring densities of anatomic structures on a routine PA projection of the chest?
Reduces scatter radiation
Decreases radiographic contrast
NOT reduces patient motion
Decreases radiographic contrast
NOT reduces patient motion
Using compression band will have what effect during the production of a radiograph?
Chest
What radiographic procedure requires an image demonstrating a long scale of contrast?
Appropriate density in the lungs
When using AEC w/ DR, selecting the center chamber on a PA radiogragh results in?
Be lengthened
As the field size is increased with all other factors remaining constant, the scale of contrast will?
Decrease in kVp
What could decrease the production of scatter radiation?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which of following pathological conditions would allow the x-ray beam to easily penetrate the pt?
Ascites
Which pathologic condition would require increase in technical factors?
Fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What is Ascites?
Tube Angulation
What would affect shape distortion?
Increase SID
If a radiograh demonstrates excessive size distortion, which of the following corrections should be made before repeating?
Increasing xray dose
Image noise can be decreased by?
Converts light photons to electrons
Purpose does a photo-cathode serve?
High frequency
What type of generator would incorporate a DC chopper in order to convert 60 hz AC to pulsed DC?
Difficult in mobile imaging
Disadvantage of a flat panel direct capture detector is?
10,575 HU 250 millisec = .25 sec
HU= kVp(mA)(Generator type – 1.35=6pulse, 1.41=12Pulse)
HU= kVp(mA)(Generator type – 1.35=6pulse, 1.41=12Pulse)
How many heat units are generated when setting a technique of 75 kVp, 400 mA, 250 milliseconds on a 3 phase, 12 pulse generator?
x1.18
SID/SOD
SID/SOD
When performing magnification radiography, if SID is 40″ and the object-image receptor distance is 6″, how much would the object be magnified?
Ohm
In series circuit, the total resistance is calculated by the reciprocal of each of the individual resistors. We measure resistance in what unit?
Primary side of the step-up transformer.
Where are the exposure timer located in a typical xray circuit?
Minification gain
In the image intensifier, the squared ratio of the area of the input screen to the output screen is defined at?
Electrostatic Lenses
What component of the image intensifier accelerated electrons toward the output phosphor?
70-105 mm
What is the typical frame size of the most spot film (photospot) cameras used for the diagnostic imaging?
Larger dynamic range
Compared to analog imaging, CR has the advantage of?
Incandescence
To emit electrons from its surface, x-ray tube filament must be heated sufficiently to cause what?
Tends to increase image blur
Phosphorescence or afterglow is a property of intensifying screen that?
Auto-transformer
Which device in the typical x-ray circuit is adjusted to select the kilo-voltage?
2
How many pulses per cycle are found in a single phase, full wave rectified xray machine?
Less than 4 percent
What is the typical voltage ripple in a high frequency generator?
Pixel value
In order to change the visibility of a digital image, lookup table (LUTs) alter the?
Density of the anatomic part
Primary factor affecting brightness of fluoroscopic image?
Solid-State Detector
What QA tool would be used to evaluate mA output or pentrometer?
Annually
Minimum suggested schedule for testing lead aprons and gloves for adequate shielded?
Wire Mesh tool
What Quality Control tool would be used to evaluate blurr?
45 degree angle to x-ray beam
To ensure proper light field to radiation field alignment, the deflecting mirror must be at?
Wedge filter
What type of device would increase diagnostic quality of a radiograph of the dorso-plantar projection of the foot?
Star Test Pattern
What test tool would be used to measure FSS?
Wisconsin test cassette or a solid state detector
What tool would be used to measure kVp accuracy?
Standard ruler test cassette or measure the light field w/ radio-opaque objects such as pennies.
How would light and x-ray field alignment test be done?
3 feet
What minimum distance should the safe light be positioned above the processor shelf to avoid fogging of the radiograph?
Area of decreased film density
Type of artifact will result on a radiograph from dirt or dust on an intensification screen?
Decreased tube output
Arcing of the tube
Arcing of the tube
An older x-ray tube that has evaporated tungsten deposited on the tube window may cause one or more of the following problems.
Anode Heel Effect
Using Line Focus Principle images will enhance a side effect known as?
AP Projection of the femur
What radiograph would benefit from the use of the anode heel affect?
Straight line portion
Contrast can be measured from the characteristic curve by finding the tangent of which of the following?
Tree Static
Pulling a sheet of film from the film bin/box will cause what type of static?
The responses of film to exposure and processing
Sensitometric measurements in a quality assurance program are?
Window Level
Image brightness on a display monitor is adjusted by?
Both sides of the film are underexposed
What could demonstrate off-focus grid cutoff?
Spacial resolution
A geometric characteristic of a computerized image is known as?
The thing speaks for itself
If tech failed to correctly mark a radiograph that subsequently resulted in a faulty diagnosis, he or she may be guilty of a tort under the doctrine res ipsa loquitur which means?
Let the master speak for
If a radiologist instructs you to inject a patient with a radiographic contrast medium and the patient collapses from anaphylactic shock, you may be protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondeat superior which means?
Battery
Touching the pt w/o permission is the legal definition of?
Torts
Intentional or unintentional acts performed by an individual and based on unreasonable conduct are known as
Spoliation
Destruction or alteration of medical records, such as the radiology report, by an unauthorized person is referred to as?
Diaphoretic
Proper term for the patient who suddenly turns pale and feels cold & clammy is?
Obtain two views 90 degrees apart for all traumatized anatomy.
When radiographing multiple trauma patient who is incapacitated, what rule of thumb should be observed to provide the greatest diagnostic benefit for the patient?
Check the patients vital signs frequently
Do NOT remove sandbags, collars or dressings
NOT Suction as necessary any nasal drainage.
Do NOT remove sandbags, collars or dressings
NOT Suction as necessary any nasal drainage.
What steps are necessary for performing radiographs on a patients with a head injury?
Losing a spouse
Being diagnosed with cancer
NOT F/x clavicle
Being diagnosed with cancer
NOT F/x clavicle
Which of the following situations would cause a pt to go thru the grieving process?
patient can go into insulin shock
What can happen if a diabetic patient has taken his or her normal dose of insulin but has been NPO since midnight?
0.1%
Densitometer film density measurement of 3 corresponds to approx _____ of the light from a view-box being transmitted thru the film?
Once a month
According to quality assurance programs, how often should the chemicals be changes in an automatic processor?
Contra-Lateral
Which anatomic term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body?
Retrograde pyelogram
Which imaging study of the urinary system demonstrates the collecting ducts of the kidneys by injecting a radiographic contrast medium?
Voiding
During cystography, when ureteral reflux is suspected, it is often necessary to include a radiograph with the patient?
Sialography
What is the name of the special imaging procedure or examination of the salivary glands?
Common Bile Duct
Into which anatomical structure is the superior end of the T-Tube placed for performing postoperative cholangiography?
Cardiac Catheterization
Which of the following imaging procedures would require formal informed consent?
MRI
If a pt scheduled an arthrogram sts that he/she has an allergy to an iodinated contrast media, what other imaging method could demonstrate the anatomy w/o putting the pt at risk?
Provide topical anesthetic for invasive procedures.
Reasons why lidocaine is often used in radiology dept?
Larynx
Anatomic organ used for phonation is called the?
T5-T6
What is the central ray centering point for the RAO position of the esophagus?
RAO
Which of the following radiographs positions will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile during a GI procedure?
Barium sulfate
If a patient is scheduled for an UGI and a small bowel series, which of the radiographic contrast media would be contraindicated if a perforation is suspect.
Positive agent
The radiographic contrast medium that absorbs more radiation than the organ in which it is instilled is called a (an)
Water based barium
What type of contrast medium is acceptable for use with infants who have swallowing disorders or w/ adults who have suspected bronchoesophageal fistula?
Antihistamine
Benadryle
Claritan
Sudafed
Zyrtec
Benadryle
Claritan
Sudafed
Zyrtec
A patient develops hives several minutes after a radiologic contrast agent has been administered. Which type of drug may the patient be given to counteract the reaction?
80 cc’s
A radiologist requires 60 percent more than the normal 50 cc dose of radiographic contrast media to be used for a urologic procedure. The cc’s to be prepared is
Median Coronal Plane
The plane of the body that divides the thorax into equal anterior and posterior parts is called?
Hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest position?
2″
How much will the kidneys move when changing the patient position from recumbent to the erect position?
Sphincter of Oddi
The ampulla of Vater empties its contents into the duodenum thru the structure called the?
Subarachnoid space
Where should the contrast media be injected for a lumbar myelogram?
Hypervolemia
Adding two tsp of salt per liter of water used in an enema preparation may prevent?
Polyps
Which of the following pathologies are well visualized by the double contrast BE?
Simms
Which of the following positions would the patient be placed during insertion of an enema tip?
LT Ventricle
Which of the following anatomic structures pumps oxygenated blood into the Aorta?
Liver
Which of the following organs receives blood from the portal vein?
Lateral position
If pt places back of the right hand against the RT thigh, the humerus will be in?
Acromion
What is the name of the process that extends superiorly from the scapula?
Clavicle & Sternum
Which two bones are united to form the sternoclavicular joint?
T-3
Where is the center of the cassette positioned for a PA projection of the SC Jnt?
AP oblique Grashey Method
Which radiograph of the shoulder will demonstrate the glenoid cavity in profile?
Head of the radius
Which of the following anatomical structures articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?
45 degree internal oblique of the elbow
Which of the following radiographic methods would best demonstrate the coronoid process of the ulna?
Shoulder
Wrist
TMJ
Wrist
TMJ
Which of the following joints be examined by arthrography?
Osgood Schatter Disease
Which type of pathology would be best demonstrated by a radiograph of the lower leg?
Tuberosity
What is the rounded projection on the anterior proximal surface of the tibia called?
Daniuelius-Miller
Which of the following methods for obtaining a radiograph of the hip should be performed when a fracture is suspected?
Holmblad
Camp-Coventry
Beclaire
All called tunnel views
Camp-Coventry
Beclaire
All called tunnel views
Which of the following radiographic methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa?
Patello-Femoral Articulation
Longitudinal Fx of the patella
NOT transverse Fx of patella
Longitudinal Fx of the patella
NOT transverse Fx of patella
What may be demonstrated on a tangential projection of the patella?
Clasped behind the pt back
How should the pt hands be positioned for an erect lateral projection of the sternum?
15 degrees cephalic
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP projection of the sternum?
Hand & Wrist
Determinatio of radiologic bone age is most frequently applied to the?
4th & 5th Lumbar Vertebre
Which of the following represents the level of the iliac crest in the body?
Breath Quietly
To better visualize the lateral thoracic spine, the patient should be instructed to?
Lordosis
Convexed
Ex:
Lumbar
C-Spine
Convexed
Ex:
Lumbar
C-Spine
Anterior curvature of the vertebral column is called?
Full expiration
How should the patient be instructed to breath for an AP position of the lower ribs?
Back of the hands against the hips
How should the patients hand be placed for a PA Projection of the rib so that the scapula are rotated away from the rib cage?
Tubercle
Which part of the rib articulated with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae?
45 degrees
To demonstrate the apophaseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae with an AP projection, the pt rotation is?
LPO
The RT SI jnt should be clearly demonstrated in which of the following?
3 inches
In the lateral position, how far posterior does the sacrum lie from the mid coronal plane?
Intervertebral foramen
What is the name of the opening thru which the spinal nerves pass after branching from the spinal chord?
Mesocephalic
MSP-Angle of petrous ridge/pyrimid = 47 degrees
MSP-Angle of petrous ridge/pyrimid = 47 degrees
What is the name of the type of skull that is considered to be of average shape and size?
15 degrees
How many degrees of pt face rotation from the lateral for the single tube angulation of oxiolateral (Law) method of demonstrating the mastoid process?
IOML
What radiographic base line should be parallel to the image receptor for a SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses?
Crista Galli
What is the name of the bony projection that extends superiorly from the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?
30 Degree
If the orbitalmeatal line is perpendicular to the film for an AP Axila (Grash.Townes) Projection of the skull, how much caudal angulation of the central ray requires
70 degrees
How much must the pt be rotated from the horizontal plane to visualize the apophaseal joints of the thoracic vertebre?
Lateral
Which radiographic projection of the skull should clearly demonstrate all four sets of paranasal sinuses?
LT Lateral Decub
Which radiographic decubitus position preferred for demonstrating air fluid levels in the abdomen?
AP Projection
A RT Lateral Decub is taken of a patient with the grid placed behind the patient. This is an example of a …?
First Metatarsus
What articulates with the medial cuneiform bone?
40 Degrees
What degree of central ray angulations should be used for the axial plantodorsal projection of the os-calcis?
Atelectasis
The proper medical term for a collapsed lung is?
Subclavian Vein
Where would a central line catheter be located?
Lifting heavy objects
Most common injury to a health care worker in the radiology department?
Vector
Which of the following methods represents a means of transmitting a disease thru insect bites?
Reduction in number
Medical asepsis can be defined as the _____ of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment.
Always put on gloves
Always wash hands after the procedure
NOT always put on mask
Always wash hands after the procedure
NOT always put on mask
You are called to the trauma center to perform a bedside radiographic procedure on a patient and you suspected the patient may have hepatitis B. What are safe practices to follow to protect yourself?
cathartics
A common group of drugs that are used to promote defecation are termed?
Dry Heat
Which of the following is an accepted method of sterilization?
60-90
Which of the following is the normal diastolic pressure for an adult.
115-130 beats per min
Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate shock?
80-100 per min
During cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an adult, the cardiac compression rate should be about
Rectal
Which method for measuring body temperature may be contraindicated for patients with cardiac conditions?
Orthostatic Hypotension
Following a sudden change of posture from the recumbent to the erect position, the patient may experience syncope due to a condition known as
LEFT OFF Test 2 pg 39
LEFT OFF Test 2 pg 39
