BIC 002 Chapter 11-12

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources
Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?
an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means
Which of these is a genetically modified organism?
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an organism containing a gene from another species
Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism?
humulin
The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.
stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses
A vaccine works by ______.
to produce potentially useful proteins
Transgenic animals are currently used ______.
plasmids
Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?
isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium
Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?
The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.
Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?
desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.
gene cloning
The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______.
genomic library
A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism’s entire genome is called a ______.
find a specific nucleotide sequence
Nucleic acid probes are used to ______.
bacteria
Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.
a restriction enzyme
“Sticky ends” are produced as a result of the action of ______.
single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA
“Sticky ends” are ______.
TAAGC-
A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______.
DNA ligase
Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?
using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments
Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid?
You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.
You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association?
genetic marker
What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person?
gel electrophoresis
Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______.
restriction enzymes
To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______.
length
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______.
different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.
STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have
genomics
The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ______.
21,000
The human genome contains approximately ______ genes.
98%
Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA?
play a role in all of the choices listed here
The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______.
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans?
cloned and sequenced
To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______.
the whole-genome shotgun method
What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes?
proteomics
The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____.
normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele.
In human gene therapy,
gametic
Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations.
the Y chromosome
The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____.
cellular differentiation
At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this?
gene expression
The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______.
operon
In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences?
promoter
Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______.
regulatory gene
proto-oncogene
promoter
operator
operon
In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______.
operator
In an operon, the ______ acts as an on/off switch.
repressor
Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?
RNA polymerase
Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator.
the presence of lactose
What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
came from a normal human female
While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______.
DNA packing and unpacking
What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?
are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY
Male tortoiseshell cats ______.
attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter
Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
silencers
In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______.
noncoding DNA sequences
Introns are ______.
alteration of proteins
Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation
There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.
How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides?
signal transduction pathways
Cells communicate with one another via ______.
homeotic genes
The “master control genes” that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ______.
mutation of homeotic genes
Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog?
are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms
Homeotic genes ______.
DNA microarray
Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis?
The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.
How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?
the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation
the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans
restocking populations of endangered animals
Possible uses of reproductive cloning include ______.
Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.
What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
oncogene
What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?
cell division
Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______.
predisposition to these cancers is inherited
Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______.
tumor-suppressor gene
Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______.
dietary fat
Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum?
Tobacco
______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen.
lung
More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer.
a diet low in plant fiber
Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?
nucleotide
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers.
Watson and Crick
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
X-ray crystallography studies
Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.
hydrogen
What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
After replication, ______.
RNA polymerase
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?
promoter
The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.
initiation, elongation, termination
The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.
the production of a longer RNA molecule
The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______.
a cap and tail
What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes?
exons
The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______.
AGU
The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______.
ribosomes
Where is translation accomplished?
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added?
amino acids
Peptide bonds form between ______.
result in a shortened polypeptide chain
A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______.
one
What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?
mutation
What is the ultimate source of all diversity?
infectious proteins called prions.
Mad cow disease is caused by
via a lysogenic cycle
How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell
prophage… provirus
A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells.
reverse transcriptase
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______
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