Meiosis
Human gametes are produced by _____.
23
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes.
16 is half of 32.
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
Which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?
Pairing of homologous chromosomes is followed by crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
Crossing Over
A chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.
Recombinant Chromosomes
two, haploid
Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
four, haploid
Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
Four
___ haploid cells are present at the end of telophase II and cytokinesis.
Anaphase II
During _____ sister chromatids separate.
Two
At the end of telophase I and cytokinesis there are __ haploid cells.
Telophase I
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
Prophase I
Synapsis occurs during _____.
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
Metaphase II
During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
telophase II, telophase II
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
Prophase II
During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
separation of homologs in meiosis I because it produces 2 haploid (n) daughter cells from a single diploid (2n) parent cell
Which event makes meiosis a reduction division and why?
carry the same genes.
Homologous chromosomes _____
Two
Somatic cells of roundworms have four chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you find in an ovum from a roundworm?
Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologues separate in meiosis I.
What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I?
Synapsis
Crossover, the exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes, takes place during which of the following processes?
None
At what stage of meiosis does DNA replication take place?
Gametes would contain either maternal chromosomes only or paternal chromosomes only.
How would genetic variation be affected if during meiosis I maternal chromosomes always lined up together on one side of the metaphase plate and paternal chromosomes always lined up on the other side (ignoring the effects of crossing over)?
One
In a haploid organism, how many different alleles can there be for each gene?
Independent assortment
Which of the following creates different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes?
Crossing over
Genetic recombination takes place in which of the following processes?
Aneuploids
Nondisjunction in meiosis produces _____.
Turner’s syndrome
Which of the following is an example of monosomy?
Their offspring are often sterile
What happens when an individual has an odd number of chromosome sets (e.g., triploidy)?
One daughter cell would be 2n; the other would have no chromosomes.
What would be the outcome of meiosis I if none of the homologous chromosomes separate at anaphase?
Ova are arrested in meiosis until ovulation. As a result, completion of meiosis in the older woman is more likely to result in aneuploidy or other chromosomal abnormalities.
In 1985 Hassold and Chiu found that the likelihood of miscarriage increased with maternal age. What is the most likely explanation for the relationship between age and miscarriage?
Crossing over.
Which of the following creates new combinations of alleles along one chromosome?
Albino is recessive; black is dominant
A black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced 12 black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, 6 blacks and 6 albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation?
1:1
When Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants, all the offspring were yellow seeded. When he took these F1 yellow-seeded plants and crossed them to green-seeded plants, what genotypic ratio is expected?
Affected fathers have all affected daughters but no affected sons.
Which statement most accurately describes the pattern of inheritance for a human disease caused by a dominant allele on the X chromosome (assuming the disease allele is rare)?
The unaffected parent is usually homozygous for the wild-type.
For the disease shown in the pedigree, if the disease allele is rare and only one parent is affected (e.g., the couple at the left of generation II), why are the children usually unaffected?
1/2
If two carriers of an autosomal recessive genetic disease have children, what is the chance that their first child will be a carrier?
One-fourth of their sons will be color blind and have blue eyes, 1/4 of their sons will be color blind and have brown eyes, 1/4 of their sons will have normal color vision and blue eyes, 1/4 of their sons will have normal color vision and brown eyes.
In humans, blue eyes are inherited as a recessive autosomal trait and color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman with blue eyes and normal color vision whose father was color blind marries a man who also has normal color vision. He has brown eyes, but his mother had blue eyes. Which of the following do you expect to be true for their sons?
15
Whenever the dominant allele of either (or both) gene A or gene B is present, red color is produced. A cross of AaBb × AaBb can be expected to yield how many red offspring out of 16? Assume the genes are not linked.
A and B
In humans, ABO blood types refer to glyocproteins in the membranes of red blood cells. There are three alleles for this autosomal gene: IA, IB, and i. The IA allele codes for the A glycoprotein, The IB allele codes for the B glycoprotein, and the i allele doesn’t code for any membrane glycoprotein. IA and IB are codominant, and i is recessive to both IA and IB. People with A type blood have the genotypes IAIA or IAi, people with type B blood are IBIB or IBi, people with type AB blood are IAIB, and people with O type blood are ii. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the following blood types could their children possibly have?
Separation of homologs at anaphase I
Which event in meiosis accounts for Mendel’s principal of segregation?
1/4
A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will be an albino?
64
Each sperm cell of a horse contains 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic cells?
Metaphase I
When does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?
number and types of chromosomes
karyotype
cell that results from fertilization
zygote
different versions of the same gene
allele
the biological expression (ie Xx, Yy)
genotype
physical expression
phenotype
two parents have different genetics
monohybrid cross
both parents are heterozygous
dihybrid cross
expresses intermediate phenotype
incomplete dominance
heterozygotes express both phenotypes
codominance
Anaphase
During what stage of meiosis does nondisjunction occur?
Pleiotropy
One gene affects several phenotypic characteristics
Locus
Particular position of a gene on a chromosome
meiosis and fertilization
The two processes of sexual reproduction whose effects offset each other
The number of chromosomes from doubling in every generation
What does meiosis prevent?
Prophase I
During which phase does crossing over occur?
1:1:1:1
In a testcross of an individual that is heterozygous at two loci, the offspring will appear in what ration if the loci are on different chromosomes?
50%
What proportion of the sperm cell of a human male carry an X chromosome?
Codominance
Two different alleles at a given locus act to produce a phenotype that is different from either homozygous phenotype
translocation
Transfer of a chromosome fragment from one chromosome to another
two haploid cells in metaphase II
A researcher examines a cell undergoing meiosis and identifies the nuclei of two daughter cells. Which of the following best represents how the researcher would characterize the cell?
an offspring with a chromosome complement unlike that of either parent
What is the end result of meiosis and subsequent fertilization of gametes?
Asexual reproduction produces more offspring
What conclusion can be drawn from John Maynard Smith’s mathematical model comparing asexual and sexual reproduction?
The entire grove would die.
If a fatal disease were to infect an aspen tree that reproduces by cloning, which of the following effects on the aspen grove would be most likely?
The offspring that result from sexual reproduction are genetically variable, and some of them can fight off diseases more easily than genetically identical offspring.
Which of the following statements is the leading hypothesis to explain why many organisms reproduce sexually?
It only takes one parent
Which of the following best supports the statement that asexual reproduction is much more efficient than sexual reproduction?
Sexually reproducing parents can produce offspring that are unique and lack deleterious alleles.
Which of the following supports why sexual reproduction is favored in many groups?
Aneuploidy tends to be lethal in embryos if it involves chromosomes with a large number of genes.
Which hypothesis explains why many instances of aneuploidy in humans involve chromosome 21?
Each gamete formed in an organism will have one copy of each gene
Which of the following results from the segregation of chromosomes?
a change in the mean value for a trait
Which of the following is NOT a result of disruptive selection?
tends to reduce genetic differences among populations
An important consequence of gene flow in natural populations is that it _____.
mutation
Which evolutionary process is least important for conservation biologists concerned about the future direction of evolutionary change in endangered populations?
Allele frequencies change in a population.
Which of the following is NOT associated with inbreeding?
Morphospecies concept
Paleontologists studying fossilized therapsids (a group of mammal-like reptiles that are now extinct) would probably use which of the following species concepts?
a population that is somewhat distinctive in behavior or appearance from other similar populations, but not different enough to be considered a separate species
A subspecies is _____.
The original small size of the colonist pool probably resulted in divergence due to founder effects and genetic drift, and natural selection occurred due to larger seeds found on Daphne Major.
Peter and Rosemary Grant observed a small group of the large ground finch that colonized Daphne Major in the Galápagos Islands. Within a few years, the descendants of the colonists had evolved beaks that were much larger than those in the original source population. What factors did the Grants think influenced this evolution?
Species on either side of the mountain would be more closely related to each other than to species on the same side of the mountain.
Assume a large mountain range is formed, dividing multiple populations of different species. After a vicariant event such as the one described, how would sister taxa appear on a phylogenetic tree?
An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.
Which of the following events would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry?
The nonnative host species have smaller fruits; natural selection favors flies that breed on the same plant type on which they are born.
What factors contribute to divergence between Hawthorn flies and Apple flies?
They contain more than two sets of chromosomes.
Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is correct?
Population A performs its mating calls in the upper branches of trees; population B performs them on the ground.
Imagine two populations descended from a single bird species. After a period of isolation in allopatry, the populations resume inhabiting the same region. Assuming that the only differences between the populations are those listed, which of the following factors would most likely prevent interbreeding?
natural selection favoring mechanisms of prezygotic isolation by selecting against those individuals who mate and form hybrid offspring
Reinforcement of speciation refers to _____.
mtDNA is maternally inherited, so the researchers were able to discover that most hybrids resulted from Townsend’s males mating with hermit females.
Why was mitochondrial DNA so useful in the study of the hybrid zone between Townsend’s warbler and hermit warblers?
identifying monophyletic groups based on shared, derived characters
Cladistic methods of phylogenetics depend on _____.
crossing over, independent assortment, randomness of fertilization
3 ways in which sexual reproduction increases genetic variation
speciation due to a geographic barrier
allopatric speciation
a species becomes two species despite no geographic barrier
sympatric speciation
bipedalism
What is the shared characteristic of the hominins?
based on reproductive isolation
biological species concept
based on differences in morphological features
morphospecies concept
based on the Tree of Life; synapomorphies.
phylogenetic species concept