BIO102 Chapter 31

Which of the following would be considered a mutualistic relationship?

Some species of crabs decorate their shells with sea anemones and other corals. These “decorations” help camouflage the crab and the movement of the crab from one area to the next exposes the corals and anemones to different sources of food.

Some spiders do not build webs, but live in the web of another species. When a prey item is caught in the web, the non-web building spider will sneak in and steal the prey.

A praying mantis hunting and eating a fly.

The longest tapeworm removed from a human was approximately 11 meters long. Tapeworms do not have a digestive system, but obtains all of their nutrients from the host.

Pseudoscorpions are small, harmless arachnids. To move from one place to another, they will sometimes latch onto the legs of flies and thus be carried long distances that they would not readily be able to traverse.

The greenhouse effect

will lead to decreased sea levels.

decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.

is due to gases forming a barrier around the Earth and insulating the Earth from the sun’s rays.

Which of the following is an example of primary succession?

new growth in a forest after a forest fire

regrowth and recolonization on Mt. St. Helens in areas covered with rock and lava

a wheat field that is not is allowed to grow wild

regrowth of vegetation in an area covered by a mud slide after flooding

colonization of an isolated island by a population of long-horned beetles

Which of the following is NOT true about species diversity?

It includes species richness.

It includes species diversity.

It is influenced by the relative abundance of species.

It is influenced by the distribution of the different species.

It is not impacted by species richness.

A community is

populations of multiple species interacting with one another in a specific area.

populations of organisms and the abiotic factors in their environment.

competition for food between individuals in a population.

all the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment.

multiple organisms of the same species living in a specific area.

Which of the following terrestrial ecosystems has the highest rate of primary productivity?

marsh

tropical rainforest

temperate rainforest

prairies

tundras

Which two terrestrial biomes are the most similar with regards to rainfall?

desert & taiga

tundra & desert

desert & temperate forest

temperate grasslands & desert

temperate forests & rainforests

Which of the following would be considered a parasitic relationship?

Some species of crabs decorate their shells with sea anemones and other corals. These “decorations” help camouflage the crab and the movement of the crab from one area to the next exposes the corals and anemones to different sources of food.

Some spiders do not build webs, but live in the web of another species. When a prey item is caught in the web, the non-web building spider will sneak in and steal the prey.

A praying mantis hunting and eating a fly.

The longest tapeworm removed from a human was approximately 11 meters long. Tapeworms do not have a digestive system, but obtains all of their nutrients from the host which can cause problems for the host especially if (s)he is undernourished.

Pseudoscorpions are small, harmless arachnids. To move from one place to another, they will sometimes latch onto the legs of flies and thus be carried long distances that they would not readily be able to traverse.

Water is a major limiting factor in which of the following biomes?

temperate grasslands

tundra

savannah

tropical rainforest

coral reef

All of the following are true about both primary and secondary succession EXCEPT

both lead to a stable climax community.

both include a progression of changes in the community over time.

both occur in regions where soil is already present.

for both communities, fungi and vascular seedless plants are typically the first species to colonize the area.

both are colonized first by opportunistic species.

What is the main reason that the tundra does not have large plants?

The seeds of large plants were never dispersed into these regions.

The amount of sunlight is not great enough for large plants to survive.

The amount of rainfall is not enough for large plants to survive.

The other species of plants have out competed them for resources.

The permafrost persists, even during the summer.

The most inclusive level of biological organization is __________.

ecosystems

biomes

the biosphere

communities

ecotypes

A chemoautotroph obtains its energy from all of the following EXCEPT __________.

ammonia

oxygen

sulfides

nitrites

Based on the figure shown here, which of the following is both a primary and secondary consumer?

skunk

mice

rabbit

deer

snake

Which of the following would be considered an example of competition?

Some species of crabs decorate their shells with sea anemones and other corals. These “decorations” help camouflage the crab and the movement of the crab from one area to the next exposes the corals and anemones to different sources of food.

Some spiders do not build webs, but live in the web of another species. When a prey item is caught in the web, the non-web building spider will sneak in and steal the prey.

A praying mantis hunting and eating a fly is an example.

The longest tapeworm removed from a human was approximately 11 meters long. Tapeworms do not have a digestive system, but obtains all of their nutrients from the host.

Pseudoscorpions are small, harmless arachnids. To move from one place to another, they will sometimes latch onto the legs of flies and thus be carried long distances that they would not readily be able to traverse.

The first pioneer species to appear in an area undergoing secondary succession is

an equilibrium species.

long-lived.

able to produce numerous offspring.

a secondary consumer.

slow to reach sexual maturity.

Which of the following is an example of species richness?

vultures feeding on the remains of a carcass

herd of 60 elk, 6 bald eagles and 90 white pine trees

prairie chickens at a lake competing for access to mates

diving beetles, blue gill, lilies, water mites, crayfish

100 kg of vegetation, 10 kg of grasshoppers, 1 kg of spiders

When too many nutrients are added to of a body of water, this is known as __________.

A biogeochemical cycle

reservoirs

eutrophication

global warming

nitrogen fixing

What is the source of carbon for most aquatic organisms?

carbon dioxide

calcium carbonate

biocarbonate ions

carbon monoxide

fossil fuels

Ecological succession is

a change in communities caused by human activities.

a stable community that forms after a change.

an orderly process of change in the community of organisms.

what happens to a cultivated field every year that crops are planted.

competition between opportunistic and equilibrium species.

To increase her tomato yield, an organic gardener plants legumes alongside her tomato bushes rather than using fertilizers. Why did she plant legumes?

Legumes have root nodules with nitrogen fixing bacteria.

Legumes convert ammonium to nitrates.

Root nodules on legumes have denitrifying bacteria.

Legumes are an immediate source of phosphorus and nitrogen.

Root nodules on legumes produce nitrifying bacteria.

Martin is studying blue gill fish which are insectivores. How would you classify this fish?

autotrophic consumer

autotrophic producer

heterotrophic decomposer

detritivore

heterotrophic consumer

What process is occurring in Box C?

nitrification

decomposition

denitrification

nitrogen-fixing

nitrogen incorporation

Among American warblers, several different species often live in the same spruce trees and eat caterpillars. However, each species reproduces at a slightly different time of year and each species also forage at different areas within the tree canopy. These differences in foraging behaviors and reproduction is an example of

competitive exclusion.

character displacement.

resource partitioning.

mutualism.

competitive inclusion.

Which of the following is a community?

a group of walrus on a beach

hummingbirds at a feeder

trout and the lake they inhabit

squirrels and the oak trees they live in

a herd of elephants in the Namib desert

If there is 2,000 kg of caterpillars, how much of this biomass will be converted into top carnivore tissue?

Picture

20,000 kg

2,000 kg

200 kg

20 kg

2 kg

Which of the following boxes indicates the process of nitrification?

Box A

Box B

Box C

Box D

Box E

Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal’s niche?

a small bird living in the dense shrubs at the base of a tree

two male lizards fighting over access to a female

a grasshopper feeding on leaves

an oystercatcher eating bivalves

lions and hyenas fighting over access to a zebra carcass

Which of the following is an example of predation?

daddy-long-legs, a type of arachnid that eat dead and decaying matter

marine filter-feeders that have long tentacles to filter food particles from the water

a starfish which is able to evert its stomach to break open and eat clams

a giraffe pulling leaves off tall trees with its long tongue

a tick that attaches to a deer and sucks its blood

All of the following are reservoirs EXCEPT ________.

oil

calcium carbonate

coal

natural gas

bicarbonate

In an aquatic ecosystem, the aquatic plants are eaten by small invertebrates that in turn are eaten by crayfish, the crayfish are eaten by fish, and the fish are eaten by ducks. In this system, the greatest amount of biomass would be found in the _____________.

aquatic plants

small invertebrates

crayfish

fish

ducks

Which of the following is an example of the competitive exclusion principle?

two different species occupying the same ecological niche

two species competing for food and territory

competition of mates between two different species

two species sharing the same habitat

one species outcompeting another species in a particular niche

All of the following are true about ecosystems EXCEPT

chemicals are constantly recycled and reused.

chemicals are converted from one form to another.

energy is constantly recycled.

energy is required continuously because some energy is lost.

the ultimate source of energy is the sun.

When an animal respires, the carbon in the carbon dioxide that it breathes out comes indirectly from

the air that the organism breaths in.

dead and decaying plant matter.

fossil fuels.

photosynthesis.

carbon fixation.

The aquatic ecosystem with the least amount of inorganic matter is ___________.

estuaries

coral reefs

open oceans

lakes

swamps

Which of the following communities is the LEAST diverse?

15 lions, 100 zebras, 80 giraffes

50 squirrels, 75 oak trees, 60 maple trees

4 crab spiders, 76 goldenrod, 60 echinacea

40 bass, 60 minnow, 55 blue gill

5 elm trees, 7 beech trees, 6 birch trees

Which of the following is an autotroph?

rose bush

lion

decomposer

omnivore

hyena

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?

On average, 90% of biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
True
False

An ecosystem

includes only the plants within a particular area.

includes all the living organisms within a specific area, but not the abiotic factors.

includes both living and abiotic factors within a particular region.

always includes equal numbers of plant and animal species.

only refers to biotic factors in a region.