BIOL 411 - Ch 4, 6 & 7

tRNA’s recognize a codon in the _____ site of the ribosome

What is the term for the measure of the speed of molecules?

The anaerobic process of breaking down glucose into 2, 3 carbon molecules is called:

When transforming chemical energy, some of it is used for work. Where does the remaining energy go?

Lactic acid is generated from ________ acid

The Kreb Cycle begins with ________

Enzymes catalyze reactions by stabilizing the ________ in the reaction

What are the two main types of secondary protein structures?

________ utilize pre-assembled organic molecules, while _______ do not require preassembled organic molecules

For every glucose that you start with, the Kreb cycle makes how many NADH2 molecules?

What enzyme is responsible for charging tRNAs (attaching an amino acid)?

________ proteins interact with exposed hydrophobic regions to prevent protein aggregation

Peptide bond formation results in a loss of water. This type of synthesis reaction is a ___________

_________ is used to break large molecules into smaller molecules using water

Enzymes that are regulated by molecules that bind somewhere other than the active site are called ______

Please list the sequential levels of protein structure:

What type of molecule transfers energy from the Kreb cycle to the oxidative phosphorylation process?

The products of glycolysis will undergo fermentation if ________ is not present

A consecutive sequence of codons following a start codon is called a:

Oak trees are categorized as:

T/F: Members of a protein family often contain the same folding domain

The ATP molecule contains:

Imagine that a primary RNA transcript from your favorite eukaryotic gene was processed incorrectly, such that it has no 5′ cap. What would be the result?

The unfolding of a protein by heat or chemical treatment is referred to as:

What is the function of an enzyme?

T/F: There is approximately the same number of protein families as there are folding domains

Some organisms obtain their energy from preexisting chemical compounds and get their carbon from the atmosphere. Which of the following terms describes these organisms?

Autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from:

Weak covalent bonds, such as ones in carbohydrates and lipids, have:

T/F: The individual polypeptide chains in a multi-subunit protein each have their own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure

Organic molecules store _____ energy in their _____ bonds

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is a(n) ______ reaction with ______ Delta G

Entropy is often increased by:

Peptide bonds form between the amino acids stabilize the _______ structure of a protein

Which of the following statements violates the first law of thermodynamics?

In a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of:

Folding domains show how structure relates to function because:

Binding sites for tRNA are located in:

T/F: A cooperative effect can occur in some types of multi-subunit proteins, leading to improved function of the subunits when bound to each other

One of your friends has decided to make it his life’s work to characterize all functional proteins, as he is convinced that all possible amino acid combinations can result in a protein. Is it possible to confirm his hypothesis in this way?

Which one of the following types of proteins interacts directly with a stop codon?

Proteins that prevent inappropriate folding of newly synthesized proteins are called:

It is actually the 16S rRNA component of a 30S ribosomal subunit that is responsible for recognition of a Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Which one of the following sequences in the 16S rRNA would you predict is responsible for the interaction between a small subunit and mRNA?

Which one of the following statements about translation in eukaryotes is incorrect?

Which one of the following interactions is NOT a stabilizing force at the tertiary level of protein organization?

You are studying a protein that you call Protein X. There is an aspartic acid at a key position in Protein X that is important in the folding and stabilization of that protein. If this aspartic acid is changed to a different amino acid, which one of the following amino acid substitutions is most likely to allow the protein to fold normally?

Imagine that a researcher was able to travel back in time, shortly after the appearance of the first RNAs on Earth. What would she find?

Which of the following is not a possible function of a protein-folding domain?

Secondary structures are stabilized by which type of interaction?

T/F: For a folding domain that forms a sort of “fist” with certain amino acid R groups buried within and other R groups facing out, the hydrophobic R groups mainly face “out” and the hydrophilic R groups mainly face “in”

Which of the following processes occur in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following statements is true regarding a basic amino acid?

The bond that forms between amino acids:

Which of the following statements is true regarding glycine?

Imagine that a scientist is able to travel back in time to when the first proteins appeared. What would she not observe?

A change in the sequence of a gene is referred to as a(n) ______

T/F: The frequency of mutations does not necessarily decrease or increase over time

Alpha helices are coils with how many amino acids per complete turn?

Which of the following statements about amino acids is incorrect?

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 500 yards, your body has converted _____ energy to _____ energy with the loss of _____.

Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). However, this microbe can also synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:

Imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep-sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid (or any other inorganic molecule) present in seawater to form glucose (or other organic molecules). Living so far beneath the water’s surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. This fish would be considered a:

ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups

Which of the following has the most entropy, individual nucleotides or a nucleic acid?

Of the following molecules, which has the greatest potential energy?

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 yards, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.

Imagine that you walk out of your warm house on a cold winter’s day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?

Organic molecules store _____energy in their _____ bonds

Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn’t evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

Which of the following organisms are considered heterotrophs?

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:

As a cat pounces on a mouse, her muscles burn 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from eating). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

_______ is required for an organism to do work

T/F: As plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes, sugars are only used as backup energy sources for plants on cloudy days

Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as:

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?

In the second phase of glycolysis:

In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water

Which of the following statements is true regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2+ 6H2O + energy?

T/F: Pyruvate oxidation is remarkably similar to glycolysis in that when one molecule of pyruvate enters into a mitochondrion, two molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed

At the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose molecule are in the form of:

The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because:

Glycolysis is:

During what phase of glycolysis is NADH formed?

In cellular respiration, oxygen:

Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate and glucose?

Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate oxidation?

T/F: Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is due to the fact that glycolysis is—at first—endergonic

Which of the following does not occur during the third phase of glycolysis?

After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of cellular respiration?

During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is:

Which of the following is not one of the net final products of glycolysis?

T/F: The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation

In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by:

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore:

Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation impairing its ability to phosphorylate glucose during glycolysis. What is a likely result of this mutation?

The inputs to glycolysis do not include:

Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis:

How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP?