Biology 101 3

Genetic change in a population from generation to generation defines which of the following?

The French naturalist, who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing, was

In 1785, the theory of uniformitarianism was proposed by

The scientist, ___, proposed catastrophism and the principle of superposition after observing ___

The French taxonomist, who in 1809, proposed the first testable evolutionary theory, that organisms using body parts repeatedly would increase their abilities, was

The scientist who published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859 was

Convergent evolution means that

A gradual change in an organism, from an ancestral type was referred to by Darwin as

Malthus’ ideas on population resource limits, was incorporated by Darwin as the summary that natural selection

The name for heritable traits that provide benefit and advantage for each individual in a population to survive and reproduce are

The relatively short-term changes in allele frequencies within a population is

The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population’s

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

Three types of natural selection are

In Africa and other parts of the world, malaria parasites can cause deadly illness. Sickle cell anemia, and other varied alleles in the production of hemoglobin, can produce a resistance to parasite growth. In these cases, individuals whose red blood cells break down more rapidly have a better chance of reaching reproductive age, in a form of balanced polymorphism. This is known as

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: 2pq represents the frequency of

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,

Raising small beetles for several generations, a distinctive phenotype in the wing shape appears, skipping generations. This trait most likely appears only in the ___ genotype, and can help determine the ___ Hardy-Weinberg probability of inheritance in the population.

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

Darwin made which large set of observations while on his four-year voyage on the Beagle?

Darwin read which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

Ancestors of the Galàpagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle, other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ____ among the Galàpagos finches.

Natural selection acts on

Alleles conferring red plumage to male cardinals are common because red plumage

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females. While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating, what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

The founder effect occurs when

The bottleneck effect occurs when

Hunting magazines, hunting show hosts, and avid hunters often weave stories of letting smaller white-tailed deer pass by, waiting for the larger “prize bucks.” Given what you know about possible changes in allele frequencies of populations, and assuming these reported hunting behaviors are true,

A population declines when

Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish. Over time the average size of the fish would

A portion (location) of DNA that encodes a specific protein is a

Alternate forms (the DNA sequences indicated by alphabetic abbreviations) of the same gene are called

In humans, alleles for each gene are inherited from

The heritability of body size is 0.2 in Atlantic silversides. What would happen in figure (b) if this heritability was 0.8?

Gametes may carry different combinations of alleles because of

Mendel kept detailed records of the genetic traits of parent plants and their offspring plants. Among observations, he found that some traits would be expressed, whenever one particular allele was present, and called this allele

If you, like Mendel, grow plants in the lab, and cross short (tt) pea plants with short pea plants, the offspring will be

When Mendel crossed tall (Tt) plants with tall plants of the same genotype, the offspring

If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is

If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait,

Genotype means

Phenotype means

The “P” in P generation refers to

In the study of genetics, the offspring of the parental generation is referred to as the

Mendel’s monohybrid cross of Tt parents resulted in a tall to short ratio of

A testcross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that

In a testcross, if all the offspring show the dominant phenotype, then the individual with the unknown genotype was

The fact that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes because they move apart from each other during gamete formation is Mendel’s law of

The fact that during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles for a gene on one chromosome does not influence the segregation of alleles for a gene on another chromosome is Mendel’s law of

In the ABO blood type system the alleles IA, IB, and i produce

In the biology lab, you observed that your lab partner’s blood type is AB. The placement of the A and B molecules on each cell is controlled by proteins, coded by different versions of the same gene. Having both is an example of

If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two different homozygotes, this is called

A gene that produces a protein that is important in more than one biochemical pathway, or other trait, is a ___ gene.

Linked genes, by definition, are genes that

If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have

Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromatid if they are

If a person has a recessive allele for a disorder and that allele is masked by presence of a normal dominant allele, this person

In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically

In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically

At a given position, homologous chromosomes have

If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, you find all of the offspring have yellow peas. You conclude the yellow parent was

If a pea plant is heterozygous for yellow seeds (Gg), which gametes could it produce?

If you conduct a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous?

In pea plants, Y confers yellow peas, and y confers green peas. If you cross two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will be yellow?

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas? R = round, r = wrinkled, Y = yellow, y = green.

A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a _______________ cell.

A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a ________________ cell.

In human male cells, the only pair of unmatched homologous chromosomes

If a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, then the result is a

An example of a haploid cell is a

In humans, specialized cells that produce gametes are

Meiosis is a process that produces

A desert plant called Kalanchoe can reproduce, either with sexual reproduction through flowers, or asexually by budding off miniature leaf and root clusters from its leaves. When buds are produced, they land on the ground, take root, and grow, genetically identical to the original. If budding is used for several years, a large area may be covered with these descendents from the same original plant. The resulting population of plants will

The abbreviation n indicates that a cell is

A diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate four haploid nuclei in

Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell’s DNA __________ and then dividing ____________

Meiotic cell division replicates a cell’s DNA ____________ and then divides ______________

The chromosomal combination for a human female is

In a cell dividing by meiosis, DNA is replicated

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during

In meiosis II, cytokinesis results in the production of

Among humans, you can observe that there is variability in shape (size), skin color, and other traits. The variety in a small population results from ___ in sexual reproduction and meiosis.

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

What is the major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A diploid cell with 4 chromosomes would produce which of the following after meiosis, assuming variability occurred due to crossing over or other abnormalities in the process?

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. What gametes could an AABB individual produce, if no crossing over, nondisjunction or other abnormalities in meiosis occur?

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. The genes have alleles A and B on one homologous chromosome, and the alleles a and b on its paired homolog. How could an individual with this allele arrangement produce a gamete with a chromosome containing the alleles Ab or aB?

A species has 6 chromosome pairs in each diploid cell. How many genetically unique gametes could be produced from sexual reproduction in this species, accounting only for independent assortment?

If you mate a donkey (2n = 62) with a horse (2n = 64) you get a mule. Mules are sterile and cannot produce gametes by meiosis because they

Alternate forms of the same gene

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes align next to one another during

Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits, such as these shown from two parents, are

The chromosomal combination for a human male is

Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because

When the genetic material of multiple organisms has been combined, it is called recombinant DNA.

The small unit of self-replicating DNA used as a cloning vector in genetic engineering is a bacterial plasmid.

The method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make enough exact copies of DNA for researchers to use in analysis.

An ill or injured patient may have suffered from damaged tissues that the cell cycle, including mitosis, won’t naturally repair or replace. This may include damaged nerves, or skin, or muscle. A form of biotechnology that attempts to stimulate new cell divisions with application of cells that are genetically unspecialized, is

The genetic molecular material that has been spliced together from multiple organisms is

The first organism (organisms) to have been produced as transgenic organisms was (were)

Before a desired gene can be spliced into a bacterial plasmid cloning vector, the gene must first be ___ from the original DNA.

For DNA sequencing, the technological process called ___ separates DNA fragments that have already been isolated and cut into different lengths.

Examine this diagram of short tandem repeats found in DNA profiling of three suspects in a crime. Man 1 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 5,000 people. Man 2 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 10,000 people. Man 3 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 3,500 people. DNA extracted from samples at the crime scene found 6 STR repeats, giving the interpretation that Picture

Identify the correct comparison in the genetic characteristics between embryonic and adult stem cells.

Many plants, fungi, and even animals can asexually reproduce new genetic copies of themselves because fragments survive. This is a natural version of

The method used to produce the cloned sheep, Dolly, was

After identifying a specific protein associated with a medical problem, the corresponding gene can identified with a ___, which is radioactively or fluorescently tagged.

A couple, both carriers of Cystic Fibrosis alleles, can prepare for a child being born with the disease, by testing with

A portion (location) of DNA that encodes a specific protein is a

After a cell has been removed from an embryo for preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the embryo

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is one form of biotechnology associated with the fertility technology of

Alternate forms (the DNA sequences indicated by alphabetic abbreviations) of the same gene are called

In humans, alleles for each gene are inherited from

Gametes may carry different combinations of alleles because of

Mendel kept detailed records of the genetic traits of parent plants and their offspring plants. Among observations, he found that some traits would be expressed, whenever one particular allele was present, and called this allele

If you, like Mendel, grow plants in the lab, and cross short (tt) pea plants with short pea plants, the offspring will be

When Mendel crossed tall (Tt) plants with tall plants of the same genotype, the offspring

If the two alleles for a particular gene are identical the gene pair is

If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait,

Genotype means

Phenotype means

The “P” in P generation refers to

In the study of genetics, the offspring of the parental generation is referred to as the

Mendel’s monohybrid cross of Tt parents resulted in a tall to short ratio of

A testcross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that

In a testcross, if all the offspring show the dominant phenotype, then the individual with the unknown genotype was

The fact that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes because they move apart from each other during gamete formation is Mendel’s law of

The fact that during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles for a gene on one chromosome does not influence the segregation of alleles for a gene on another chromosome is Mendel’s law of

In the ABO blood type system the alleles IA, IB, and i produce

In the biology lab, you observed that your lab partner’s blood type is AB. The placement of the A and B molecules on each cell is controlled by proteins, coded by different versions of the same gene. Having both is an example of

If the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two different homozygotes, this is called

A gene that produces a protein that is important in more than one biochemical pathway, or other trait, is a ___ gene.

Linked genes, by definition, are genes that

If any of the traits that Mendel worked with had been due to linked genes, his dihybrid crosses would have

If a person has a recessive allele for a disorder and that allele is masked by presence of a normal dominant allele, this person

In pedigree charts, autosomal dominant disorders typically

In pedigree charts, autosomal recessive disorders typically

At a given position, homologous chromosomes have

If you cross two pea plants, one with green peas and the other with yellow peas, you find all of the offspring have yellow peas. You conclude the yellow parent was

If a pea plant is heterozygous for yellow seeds (Gg), which gametes could it produce?

If you conduct a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous?

In pea plants, Y confers yellow peas, and y confers green peas. If you cross two heterozygous Yy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will be yellow?

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas? R = round, r = wrinkled, Y = yellow, y = green.

Which gametes can a RrYy plant produce?

In an inherited form of high cholesterol, rr individuals have a blood cholesterol level greater than 500 mg/dL, Rr individuals are near 300 mg/dL, while normal (RR) cholesterol levels should be less than 200 mg/dL. The R allele is ___ to the r allele.

A man with type A blood and a woman with type B blood have a child with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the man and woman?

In cystic fibrosis, two unaffected carriers can have a child with the disease. It is as common in boys as in girls. This disease is

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a normal man marries a woman who is a carrier, what fraction of their sons will have hemophilia?

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a normal man marries a woman who is a carrier, what fraction of their daughters will have hemophilia?

In order for a girl to inherit hemophilia A, her parents would have which genotypes?

The wide variation in skin color in humans is best explained by

When a farmer grows cotton containing the gene for Bt toxin, insects that are resistant (rr) survive and reproduce. This is an example of

Why sex?

crossing over

genetic variation in meiosis

homologous pair

nondisjunction

transgenic

PCR

dideoxynucleotides (terminators)

stem cells

gene therapy

this occurs through crossing over and independent assortment

the relatively short term changes in allele frequencies in a population