Biology 111- Chapter 13 Test Bank

Clone the plant.
If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants?
the complete set of an organism’s genes and other DNA sequences
Which of the following defines a genome?
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mitosis
Asexual reproduction occurs during _____.
38
Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?
In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
metaphase
At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?
Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs.
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?
II, III, and IV
Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common?
I. Alternation of generations
II. Meiosis
III. Fertilization
IV. Gametes
V. Spores
gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
In a plant’s sexual life cycle _____.
A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations?
have gametes with 23 chromosomes
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Therefore, we can conclude that it must _____.
63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
A triploid cell contains sets of three homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?
an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase
Which of the following might result in a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?
length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes
In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If we choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the two chromosomes of the pair have in common?
Picture
15-18
carry information for the same traits
Homologous chromosomes _____.
fertilization
If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state?
include genes that determine an individual’s sex
The human X and Y chromosomes _____.
organized images of a cell’s chromosomes
Which of these is a karyotype?
It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?
Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.
The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. How do privet chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans ,who also have 46?
haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____.
half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have _____.
Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.
Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?
mitosis and meiosis II
Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____.
synapsis of chromosomes
Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
prophase I is occurring
When we first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that _____.
Chart
31-40
two
Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?
Diploid cells form haploid cells.
Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis?
anaphase I
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _____.
Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?
Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?
meiosis II
Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?
consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere
For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome _____.
meiosis metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite of each other at the equator of a cell during _____.
anaphase II
Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles in meiosis _____.
38
Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?
meiosis I only
Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____.
about 8 million
For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes?
the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of _____.
Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.
When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs?
Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction.
How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
16
The diploid number of a roundworm species is 4. Assuming there is no crossover, and random segregation of homologues during meiosis, how many different possible combinations of chromosomes might there be in the offspring (not including variety generated by crossing over)?
crossing over and independent assortment
The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. Diversity in this species may be generated by mutations and _____.
sexual reproduction
The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment involves _____.
the sexually reproducing species
Imagine that there are twenty-five different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?
In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations identifies the correct process and supports the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another?
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms.

Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?

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