-LITERATURE REVIEW-
Over the old ages, the pattern of strong-arming among kids has been a rampant pattern in the society particularly among schools where kids spend most of the clip. This mistreating of kids has been impacting non merely the kids themselves but besides the parents who are concerned about how their kids will be able to get by up from such pattern. It has been acknowledged by many researches and practical illustrations that strong-arming among kids proved to be take downing their assurance and threatens their emotional wellness which would last until the old ages of their grownup life. Bing found practically in every vicinity, school system, and the general society, the act of strong-arming kids calls for a bar and decrease through the execution of a systematic attempt which is geared towards assisting kids cope with such Acts of the Apostless and besides forestalling such from happening and impacting the lives of the many.
Harmonizing to Beane ( 2008 ) , strong-arming is distinguished from the normal struggle which occurs among kids in the society. Some types of struggle are identified as being a normal portion of a kid ‘s life while strong-arming is non as such is endangering and hurtful for the persons who are concerned. The writer described the term intimidation as being “a signifier of overt and aggressive behaviour that is knowing, hurtful, and persistent” . This repeated act is besides said to be happening when kids are being teased, harassed, belittled, threatened, socially rejected, and attacked psychologically, physically, or verbally. At times, intimidation is going violent and extremely endangering particularly when such already entails physical contact aching the single being bullied. Exclusion can be besides a signifier of strong-arming where the person is separated from the remainder of the normal group and excluded from take parting in the activities, a phenomenon which is really much common to go on in educational establishments. It is besides mentioned by the writer that kids bully others chiefly because they are really unprompted by nature and oftentimes, their Acts of the Apostless of strong-arming are done without proper thought before moving and without besides bearing into head what are the effects of such Acts of the Apostless to the individual being bullied.
One of the possibly group of kids who are sing being bullied in schools and in the society in general would be those kids who have ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorders or what will be referred to as ASD in this paper, is said to be a consequence of a certain neurological upset which affects and impairs the normal operation of the person ‘s encephalon. The happening of this upset is said to go on four times more likely to males than females. Bing one of the most common among the developmental disablements, ASD is difficult to name and some people even already make the point of maturity without even cognizing that they have been affected by the aforesaid upset ( Sicile-Kira, 2004 ) . One of the most identified jobs among persons affected by ASD is said to be troubles with societal interaction, seeking to happen a group in which the person could belong despite this mental status ( Fein et al, 1986 ) . An illustration of this trouble in societal interaction is really the pattern of strong-arming particularly inside educational establishments. In a survey by Knott et Al ( 2006 ) , the consequences showed that among the participants in their research work merely hold of the parents whose kids had ASD have close friends. While others have more friends, the survey besides illustrated that these kids have had a difficult clip geting these friends and interacting with them on a societal landscape. There is an happening of lower degree of accomplishments among the kids with ASD as compared to those who were non affected by this status. This is chiefly because of the happening of societal exclusion in schools or in the society wherein the single affected or enduring under the mental status of ASD is frequently excluded among societal groups or equals and thereby stoping with really few friends, or at unfortunate times being left entirely and stray.
In a research which was published by House of Commons Education and Skills Committee ( 2007 ) , the organi9zation reported that their research happening illustrate that 41 % of kids who suffer from assorted conditions stand foring autism are being bullied in school. It is really dismaying that about half of the full populations of kids who suffer from such status are besides enduring from unjust intervention in the society. The same survey besides reports that kids with ASD are more likely to be bullied when they are already in the secondary school between the ages of 11 to 16. The survey shows that 56 % of kids with autism status in this age are being bullied in their schools. At this age, most kids are already in their manner to their stripling phase which gives them the features of being more aggressive in their life. With that, more kids are eyeing those whom they though are enduring from a mental status or upset which is non normal in their social set-up. Children with ASD on this age are really prone to the happening of strong-arming because they appear non to be normal as compared to the remainder of the population of the full school. The kids are enduring non-verbal behaviour, which involves doing oculus contacts, and the usage of organic structure linguistic communication and facial look in construing what they are believing or experiencing. They find it highly hard to do friends and societal conventions because of the presence of such conditions in their behaviours.
In a separate survey which was conducted by Stobart ( 2009 ) , the respondents in her research showed that 40 % of parents of kids with ASD admitted that their kids are being bullied in a myriad of ways. This is because of the fact that these kids are sing trouble in being able to read societal state of affairss and that they are happening it difficult to foretell the behaviour of others. The most common happenings of strong-arming in school includes befriending a kid with ASD merely to stop up misdirecting that kid and doing the kid an object of strong-arming through Acts of the Apostless which are demoing mistreatment. The writer besides identified that the act of strong-arming kids with ASD is more likely to happen at unstructured times where there are no grownups to offer supervising such as during tiffin, deferral, and interrupt times from the category room. The writer besides holds that covering on incidents of intimidation among kids with ASD should non merely be done when the incidents originate. The steps should be executed even before the happening of strong-arming could most perchance take topographic point.
The study of the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee besides identified that the kids with ASD who are being bullied at schools are enduring from the negative effects of such Acts of the Apostless. It amendss the kids ‘s belief in them ensuing to lowered self-pride because they think that their status is impeding them from their normal operation in the society. When parents were interviewed, 86 % of the respondents noted that their kids are demoing these negative marks from strong-arming. More than their societal wellness, it is besides dismaying that the metal wellness of these kids is being damaged because of being bullied in schools. And to the worst instances, some parents even said that what could possibly be pin-pointed as the most negative effects of strong-arming in their kids who were faced with ASD is that they are demoing marks of self-destructive inclinations. This is possibly really dismaying because the kid is endangering his or her ain life because all the intimidation that is received from the school makes the kids question their being and the intent of their being. Children with ASD oftentimes find it highly difficult to get by with intimidation because they besides tend to except themselves from societal groups.
Harmonizing to Myles ( 2007 ) , kids who are enduring from ASD are more prone to being bullied at schools chiefly because they have the innate features of non being able to associate to the societal, behavior, communicating, and centripetal challenges. Because of the presence of these conditions on kids with ASD, they are being set apart from what appears to be a normal set of friends and they besides found it hard to acknowledge if they are being eyed for intimidation by other people at school. The writer besides stipulated some of the key constituents which are indispensable in assisting a kid affected by ASD to get the better of the negative effects of intimidation. Successful plans which shall be implemented to assist them from being bullied shall set an firm accent on consciousness, willingness, and understanding on the parts of the grownup to be bale to extinguish the happening of such in the environment. It must be recognized that the functions of the grownups are indispensable in these conditions because they are the 1s with greater to command to what is go oning to the society and non the kid being bullied. An effectual intimidation bar plan besides calls for the attending of the full community peculiarly the disposal of the educational establishments where most of the noteworthy intimidation happenings are noted to be go oning. The writer identified the undermentioned points as the critical key constituents of a successful bar for strong-arming on kids with ASD: identify high hazard countries and allow these countries be under the backing of responsible grownups ; grownups should show appropriate behaviours and non fall in in intimidation ; promote social-emotional acquisition ; and hold a long term committedness to prioritise the bar of intimidation.
Another noteworthy key in being able to battle strong-arming on kids with ASD is good supervising and observation ( Thorpe, 2005 ) . One of the most effectual would be to set up work plans at schools where group public presentation is necessary. When grouped together, larning decision makers must see to it that the kids with ASD are non being excluded or isolated from the treatment and that they are actively making their parts on assorted group works in order to develop their accomplishments of covering socially with the remainder of the category. Oftentimes, kids with ASD stand out from the remainder of the group because they have different behaviours as influenced by their mental status. The function of the parents in these state of affairss is indispensable.
There are a assortment of ways which were identified to be able to assist these kids. What is possibly most of import is that both parents and instructors should larn the very nature of this status and have a wide position towards understanding the kids who were under such status. It is really of import to hold an penetration on how they behave so that such can be managed and so that they can be managed how these kids are being treated in the society. There are besides assorted interventions and therapies available to be able to assist cut down the anxiousness which is brought about by strong-arming on kids with ASD. There is besides a demand for societal development which is go oning in phases, one after the other. It must be recognized that decently and successfully covering with these state of affairss is non nightlong and it entails clip. Children with ASD besides need to be helped in understanding and interpreting emotions, understanding societal regulations and societal cues, and development of all sorts of relationships ( William et al, 2004 ) .
There are besides marks or indicants which the parents must be warned about to be able to cognize if their kids are being bullied at school or at nay other topographic points. Oftentimes, it may be difficult for parents to detect if their kid is being bullied. The kids with ASD besides find it difficult to recognize that they are already being bullied by others because they find it difficult to recognize the purpose of others for making something to them. Communication is besides really hard on this note because there might really be some difficult clip to allow the kid talk or relate such experiences of intimidation. For it to be a batch easier, the undermentioned pints have been identified to look into if the kid with ASD is so enduring from strong-arming looking at marks which the kid is non really narrating about. Coming place dirty with damaged or losing apparels and money is identified as one of the marks that kids are enduring from strong-arming, really physical intimidation because of the engagement of physical onslaught. Arriving late at place from school is besides declarative that the kid is being bullied and being loath to travel to school. Because of the bad experiences at school, the kid is more frequently than non doing false alibis to jump school merely so that he can non see the intimidation at him. Showing marks of depression, emphasis, and felicity is besides a important indicant of being bullied ( The National Autistic Society, 2010 ) .
Harmonizing to Ives and Munro ( 2002 ) , one of the greatest jobs which deal with strong-arming on kids with ASD is that they are non even cognizant of what intimidation is. They do non cognize what happenings can be classified as an act of strong-arming towards them. Children with ASD who are being bullied are said to be happening it difficult to understand why they are treated that manner and why other people are making such to them. It is advised by the writers that schools should be able to hold independent anti-bullying policies which should be provided to parents or defenders so that they can be ensured that their kids will non endure from such while maintained in the educational establishment. The writers besides stipulated that the pattern of the no-blame attack is of import. This constructs works by leaving the thought that it is more of import to decently turn to the jobs associated with strong-arming instead than paying attending to penalizing the culprits of such Acts of the Apostless. Stobart ( 2009 ) supported these statements by asking that the subject of intimidation should be addressed within educational schools. By turn toing this concern in schools, there will be an being of more relevant and important steps which can be implemented in order to cut down the happening of such incidents or at least pull off the existent state of affairs. In secondary schools for case, the writer mentioned that the subject should be openly discussed in order to derive farther penetrations and so that the status will be easier for everyone to understand and measure. This treatment will besides supply unfastened heads among the pupils if given the opportunity that the bullied kid will be openly showing feelings about being bullied at school. There is a important demand for them to speak on ways on how they can assist the kid who has frequently been a mark for strong-arming. The status needs to be dealt with properly and evaluated in such a manner that it will be good and helpful particularly for the affected person.
Furthermore, Dodd ( 2005 ) identified another set of schemes which will be helpful in covering with intimidation among kids Hos are affected with ASD. Part of such schemes will be to cognize if the person is cognizant of the incident and if so, know the feelings of the kid so that attendant stairss can so be identified to rectify the turning job. A buddy system can besides be executed in order to take the societal barrier which exists among bullied kids and the culprits of such act. Concerned people must be able to do these people realize that the pattern is so incorrect and it is aching other kids without them cognizing the menace it is doing to the victim. There are assorted stuffs and methods which are available in order to turn to such jobs. For case, in the instance of the younger population, societal narratives and cartoon strips can be used in order to back up the statements and to do the kids realize that intimidation is incorrect. By making so, learning them the lesson will be more entertaining and attractive assuring that they will acquire everyone ‘s attending as they educate them about the menaces of the act of strong-arming. Aside from the schemes mentioned there are besides legal Acts of the Apostless which can be footing of extinguishing the pattern of favoritism in educational establishments. Such ordinances are depending on regulating organisations of schools but are geared towards one common end that is to be bale to allow the school execute more proactive attacks and patterns towards positive attitudes towards people who are enduring from disablement such as ASD. It calls for a set of pre-determined ordinances which shall forestall instances such as that of intimidation.
ASD is so a serious status. Children affected by such trouble are enduring from a figure of menaces and dangers such as exclusion from groups within the community, specifically inside educational establishments. The job needs to be addressed decently through a series of schemes and patterns which will relieve the happening of such act and will finally take such happenings. Parents are the 1s who should be most concerned in this state of affairs along with school and acquisition decision makers. It must be remembered that kids are really aggressive in their Acts of the Apostless. Therefore, they do actions without thought of the effects. They bully others without even being cognizant of what such act entails. As the relevant literatures have illustrated, it is ne’er excessively late. These jobs can be given solution which might non turn out to be immediate but they are effectual in the long tally particularly if executed decently. Children with ASD demands understanding and attention more than exclusion from the society, more than being bullied, and more than being hurt. The policies earlier laid upon must be given executing in order to extinguish the pattern. As Hammarberg said ( 1997 ) , every kid is alone. Every kid has different abilities. It hence calls fro the demand to be able to understand this set of differences and the writer does non keep such differences to be evidences to maltreat others on a footing which is every bit simple as mentioned.
Mentions:
Beane, Allan L. ( 2008 ) . Protect your Child from Strong-arming: Adept Advise to assist you Acknowledge, Prevent, and Stop Bullying Before your Child Gets Hurt. USA: Jossey-Bass
Dodd, Susan ( 2005 ) . Understanding Autism. Australia: Elsevier Australia
Fein, D. , Pennington, B. , Markowitz, P. , Braverman, M. , Waterhouse L. , ( 1986 ) . Towards a Neuropsychological Model of Infantile Autism: Are the Social Deficits Primary? . Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry.
House of Commons Education and Skills Committee ( 2007 ) . Bullying.
Ives, Martine, Munro, Nell ( 2009 ) . Caring for A Child with Autism: A Guide for Parents. United Kingdom: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd.
Knott, Fiona, Dunlop, Aline-Wendy, Mackay, Tommy ( 2006 ) . Populating with ASD: How do Children and their Parents Assess their Troubles with Social Interaction and Understanding. Autism 2006
The National Autistic Society ( 2010 ) . Bullying: A Guide for Parents
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Myles, Brenda Smith ( 2007 ) . Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Handbook for Parents and Professionals. USA: Praeger Publishers
Sicile-Kira, Chantal ( 2004 ) . Autism Spectrum Disorders. USA: Perigee Book
Stolbart, Alice ( 2009 ) . Bullying and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Guide for School Staff. The National Autistic Society
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