In absence of any type of quantifiable informations with respect to energy usage in office edifices in Lahore, Pakistan it is really hard to understand the energy public presentation of the bing office edifices. It is, hence, necessary to roll up informations with respect to energy ingestion in office edifices utilizing different methods.
One method was to roll up information from public-service corporation measures ; nevertheless, they provide information merely with respect to entire energy used in a edifice. It is hence, decided that a computing machine simulation programme should be used for the appraisal of energy ingestion of selected office edifices. However, it is of import to advert here that a batch of information in the signifier of design informations, peculiar for HVAC & A ; lighting will be needed to execute accurate programme simulation.
6.1 Selection standards of Case Studies
In Pakistan we have is a broad scope of office edifices, get downing from a individual floor construction to a high rise multi floor edifice. Choice of a edifice as a instance survey was a hard undertaking. But after puting a certain standard, the choice becomes easier for us. The chief points of our choice standards are given below ;
a ) The edifice should be an office edifice.
B ) The office edifice should be of medium size, between 7-10 floor
degree Celsius ) The edifice will hold individual usage.
vitamin D ) The edifice should be located in Lahore.
vitamin E ) Total country of the edifice should be between 70,000 to 125,000 sft
degree Fahrenheit ) Information for simulation should be available including Architectural, Electrical and HVAC design parametric quantities.
6.2 Case Studies
Following edifices are selected as instance surveies.
A- Bank of Punjab Head office edifice Main Boulevard Gulberge III, Lahore.
B- JDEL Building at DESCON World Headquarters, 18-Ferozepure Road, Lahore.
Detailss of each edifice will be discussed with regard to following facets.
· Location of the edifice.
· General description of the edifice.
· Architectural Consultants & A ; Architectural drawings / inside informations / subdivisions / stuffs information provided by the adviser.
· Materials thermal belongingss.
· Electrical Consultants & A ; Electrical drawings / illuming tonss / equipment burden and related information provided by the adviser.
· HVAC Consultant with HVAC design parametric quantities with equipment inside informations.
· On site exposure
6.3 Case Study “A” Bank of Punjab Head office Building
6.3.1 Location of the Building
Building is located to on the chief avenue Gulberge about ? Km from Liberty unit of ammunition towards Kalma chowk.
6.3.2 General Description
The original name of the Undertaking was the EPOCH Heights. Subsequently on the name was changed by the Crescent Bank to Crescent Standard Tower. Recently ( 2007 ) the tower has been purchased by the Bank of Punjab and tower is now known as BOP ( Bank of Punjab ) Tower.
The edifice was designed by M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates in 1997. The undertaking was completed in the twelvemonth 2002. The edifice is designed as an office edifice with two cellars for auto parking and 13 office floors. The covered country of the edifice is 79,885 sft. Entire country of the secret plan is 9,000 sft ( 64′-6” X 139′-7” ) .
6.3.3 The Architectural Design
Basic program of the edifice is rectangular with smaller dimension is confronting south-east, the sides with longer dimensions are confronting north-east & amp ; south-west. The rear side is confronting towards north-west orientation. The typical program of the edifice is shown in [ 6.1 ] [ I ]
Typical FLOOR PLAN-r
The BOP tower is designed by Arch. Imtiaz Ali the rule designer of M/s IMTIAZ ALI Associates in 1997.
6.3.4 The Envelope
Envelope is the separation between the inside and the outside of a edifice. It serves as to protect the interior comfort conditions from the outer environmental forces. The physical horizontal constituents of the envelope includes the followers ;
· The slabs
· Intermediate slabs & A ; floors
Vertical constituents includes ;
· Foundations
· Walls of all types
· Interior dividers
* Doors and Windows
The connexions and interactions of the physical constituents of envelope are the chief factors that determine the effectivity of the edifice enclosure system
6.3.4.1 Horizontal Components of Envelope:
BOP Tower is a concrete frame construction constructing with level home base slab building. Building has two cellars holding a slab country of 9003 sft each, a Lower Ground floor with slab country of 4143 sft, one Upper Ground floor holding a slab country of 4229 sft. Following 10 floors are typical holding a slab country 5197 sft each. The top floor is partly covered holding a slab country of 1537 sft. Hence the entire covered country of the edifice is 79,885 sft.
The two cellars & A ; Lower Ground floor, the ceiling tallness from FFL to soffit of slab is 8′-8” . The Upper Ground floor has the exclusion ceiling tallness of 11′-8” from FFL to soffit of slab. The typical floor highs from 1st floor to 10th floor are 8′-11” from FFL to soffit of slab. Finally the top floor clear ceiling tallness is 7′-0” merely, so the entire tallness of the edifice from route degree to exceed of parapet is 130′-0” , and it is traveling -22′-6” down from route degree for cellars & A ; lower Ground floor. The subdivision of the edifice is given for farther account in [ 6.2 ] [ two ] on the following page.
6.3.4.2 Materials of Construction
6.3.4.2a Floor Specifications with thermic Properties:
* The slabs/floors in cellars & A ; lower Ground Floor are 8” thick RCC slab with 2” PCC including hardener in cellars. Lower Ground Floor is finished with floor tiles ( Porcelain ) . The inside informations of the floor/slab are given in [ 6.3 ] & A ; [ 6.4 ] .
* From Upper Ground floor to 10th floor level home base slab thickness is 14 ?” with floor coating of porcelain mate tiles as shown in the [ 6.5 ] . On the top floor other specifications are same except the H2O proofing beds of bitumen, 2” thick polystyrene R-8 & A ; 1 ?” midst Roofing tiles. The inside informations of the floor/slab are given in the [ 6.6 ] .
6.3.4.3 Vertical Components of Envelope:
BOP Building is a composite construction of concrete & A ; brick walls. The edifice is confronting to South-East orientation. The right side is North-East, Left side is South-West & A ; rear side is North-West orientation. Each side is cladded with modern stuffs including Alpolic Sheet ( Aluminum panels ) on opaque surfaces and curved glass drape wall in panels.
Detail of each side is given below ;
a ) S-E Elevation
Mention to the program given below, the S-E is the front side of the edifice. On right corner the wall is 9” thick concrete, indicated in ruddy colour. On left corner the wall is in brick work indicated in mauve colour indicated in [ 6.7 ] [ three ] .
Aluminum panels have been used for cladding of wall surfaces ; remainder of the country is curved curtain wall as shown in the given exposure [ 6.8 ] [ four ] .
The 9” midst RCC wall has the U-Value = 2.94 W/sq.m/K, while the individual one manner brooding glass has U-Value = 4.8 W/sq.m/K, The 9” midst brick wall has the U-Value = 2.23 W/sq.m/K & A ; U-Value of Aluminum panels is 3.51 W/sq.m/K. The entire glassy country of the lift is 44.1 % with Solar heat addition factor ( SHGF ) value of 0.75.
B ) S-W Elevation
As indicated in the typical program ( 6.7 ) , the S-W is the left side of the edifice. On both sides of the facade indicated in mauve colour, opaque surface are in 9” brick work, cladded with Aluminum panels ( Alpolic ) . Cardinal surface in curving form is treated with manner brooding drape wall. As shown in the [ 6.9 ] [ V ] .
The 9” midst brick wall has the U-Value = 2.23 W/sq.m/K, The cardinal drape wall with individual one manner brooding glass has U-Value = 4.8 W/sq.m/K & A ; U-Value of Aluminum panels is 3.51 W/sq.m/K. The entire glassy country of the lift is 46.5 % with solar heat addition factor ( SHGF ) value of 0.75.
degree Celsiuss ) N-E Elevation
As indicated in [ 6.7 ] , the N-E is the right side of the edifice. On left corner the wall is 9” thick concrete, indicated in ruddy colour. On right corner the wall is in brick work indicated in mauve colour. Applications of the stuffs are the same as discussed in S-E & A ; S-W lifts, except the glassy country 46.0 % with same SHGF value of 0.75.
Keeping the same stuffs on this side, the thermic belongingss of the stuffs are besides same. As shown on the exposure [ 6.10 ] [ six ] .
vitamin D ) N-W Elevation
Mention to the already discussed typical program, the N-W is the rear side of the edifice, which is more level as compared to the other three lifts, with the same stuff applications on the opaque surfaces. No drape wall is provided sing the dorsum of the edifice which has the least importance so the other three lifts. On left which is a lift good, 9” RCC wall is provided indicated in ruddy colour. While on the other corner the walls are in 9” brickwork of lavatory block, indicated in mauve colour ( 6.7 ) .
6.3.5 The Electrical Services ( Lighting Design )
The electrical technology services are given by electrical adviser Mr. Naseem Rathore, ECON Associates, Gulberge Lahore. Consultant has designed the lighting services following the criterions with regard to nature of infinite & A ; light demands.
Lighting demands are different with the alteration in nature of infinite. In anterooms, Staircases & A ; lift wells the illuming / light demands are different so the other working countries of office floors. In a infinite we have to supply the lighting fixtures consequently. On working tabular arraies & A ; workstations task illuming light is ever really of import. For working conditions the needed light light is 500 Lux/m.sq. which is different than the countries for general usage where degree of light is 300 Lux/m.sq. The criterions given by the adviser for each country in the edifice are shown in table Tab. [ 6.1 ] [ seven ] .
Beginning: M/s Econ Associates
6.3.6 The HVAC Design
The Mechanical Engineering ( HVAC ) services are designed & A ; executed by MIA Corporation. Same company has provided the HVAC equipment besides. Basically this was a prison guard undertaking for MIA Corporation.
HVAC Design parametric quantities given below are collected from MIA Corporation subsequently on these parametric quantities are used to imitate the public presentation of the system.
6.3.6.1 HVAC Zones
Typical PLAN HVAC ZONES.jpgThe HVAC zoning is harmonizing to the conditioned & amp ; non conditioned infinites of the edifice. The typical program of the edifice is demoing the conditioned & amp ; non-conditioned zones of the edifice as given below, [ 6.11 ] [ eight ] ;
Beginning: M/s MIA Corporation
The country shown in light bluish colour is the Conditioned infinite including
I. Offices for all type
two. Conference / Meeting suites
three. Entrance Lobbies / Staircase / Lift countries
And the countries shown in green colour is the Non-Conditioned infinites including
i. Corridors
two. Kitchens / Kitchenettes
three. Toilet Blocks
four. Storage Areas
v. Mechanical / Electrical Rooms
six. Car Parking countries in Basements
6.3.6.2 Weekly Occupancy Schedule
The starting & A ; shuting times of the office indicate the tenancy hours of the infinites. The Occupancy hours of POB tower is Table [ 6.2 ] [ nine ] as follows ;
O F F
Tab. 6.2 Table demoing the Occupancy Schedule on hebdomadal footing of BOP Tower
Beginning: M/s MIA Corporation
6.3.6.3 Cooling & A ; Heating Set points
Cooling & A ; heating set points ( thermostat set temperatures ) are concerned with the coveted temperatures in summer & A ; in winter. These set points are harmonizing to the least demand of comfort conditions for the internal infinites in a edifice. It is besides of import to advert the set points ( thermostat set temperatures ) when the infinites are non occupied. The design parametric quantities besides required the chilling & A ; heating set points ( Design temperatures ) at beginning & A ; the minimal design flow of air in CFM ( Cubic pes per minute ) . Different set points sing warming & A ; chilling are listed in table [ 6.3 ] [ x ] below ;
THERMOSTAT SET POINTS
Sr. #
Description
Occupied
Unoccupied
1
Cooling Set Points
76 Deg F
82 Deg F
2
Heating Set Points
70 Deg F
64 Deg F
DESIGN TEMPERATURES
Indoor
Supply
3
Cooling Set Points
75 Deg F
55 Deg F
4
Heating Set Points
72 Deg F
95 Deg F
5
Minimum Design Flow
2.0 cfm/ft. sq.
Tab. 6.3 Table demoing the different temperature set points
Beginning: M/s MIA Corporation
These Thermostat & A ; Design temperatures are harmonizing to the local clime of the country, the values will alter harmonizing to the new climatic conditions.
6.3.6.4 Design Occupancy of Spaces per individual
Occupancy of a infinite alterations with the alteration in activity performed. For optimising the chilling loads the tenancies of different infinites sing the infinite demands per individual should be calculated including design airing per individual per pes square.
The tabular array [ 6.4 ] [ xi ] given explains different countries with their tenancy and design airing rate.
6.3.6.5 HVAC Equipment Description
a ) Heating system ( Hot H2O Coils )
In BOP tower “Hot H2O coils” system is used for infinite warming.
Heating spiral units that connect to air animal trainers provide forced-air warming in cardinal air conditioning systems. In this manner, warming and chilling systems can be combined to salvage infinite, constituents, and in some cases, energy and installing costs. The spiral besides provides an cheap manner to increase a system ‘s warming capacity for an add-on.
The complete system consists of a hot H2O spiral, the air handler/direct enlargement spiral assembly, a capacitor and/or furnace, and a H2O warmer or boiler. An optional pump in the spiral keeps the H2O go arounding for infinite warming while the pump in the hot H2O warmer is used for domestic hot H2O. These spirals can be mounted in up flow, down flow, or horizontal constellations.
B ) Cooling System ( DX Coils )
In BOP tower “DX Coils” system is used for infinite chilling. A brief description of the system used in given below ;
A H2O hair-raiser is used to add chilling and dehumidification to the systems. A refrigeration-type H2O hair-raiser consists of a compressor, capacitor, thermic enlargement valve, and evaporator spiral. The H2O is cooled in the evaporator spiral and pumped through the system.
The boiler and H2O hair-raiser are installed as separate units, each with its ain circulator ( pump ) , or with one circulator in the return line. Cold H2O is circulated through the piping from the H2O hair-raiser for chilling intents.
Water condensed from the spiral during the chilling operation is trapped in a trickle pan and discarded through a drain connected to the convector. Some convectors besides contain a filter for air cleansing. The room convectors in a H2O hair-raiser chilling system are normally designed for single control. The same piping carries both the chilled and hot H2O to the room convectors, but it must be insulated to minimise condensation during the chilling operation.
Cooling can be applied to a warm-air warming system by put ining an evaporator spiral or a cold H2O spiral in the ductwork. The evaporator spiral is the low-side subdivision of a mechanical infrigidation system. Evaporator spiral is installed in the ductwork above the furnace. It is connected by refrigerating piping to the capacitor spiral and compressor installed out-of-doorss.
A thermostatic enlargement valve and condensation trickle pan ( with drain ) is included with the evaporator spiral. Sometimes a fan is added to the spiral to supplement the furnace blower.
A cold-water spiral may be used alternatively of an evaporator spiral in the ductwork. Cold H2O is supplied to the spiral by a H2O hair-raiser, which can be located in the cellar, a public-service corporation room, or out-of-doorss. If the H2O hair-raiser is installed out-of-doorss, a gas engine can be used to drive the compressor. [ twelve ]
6.3.7 Building Energy Performance Analysis
The energy simulation procedure requires informations from all related advisers. Following information is collected for the energy simulation package ;
* The Architectural particularization related to envelope building inside informations of the edifice from the Main Consultant.
* Electrical Drawings and electrical design parametric quantities for internal lighting and office equipment.
* HVAC Design conditions & A ; parametric quantities from the Consultant and the equipment inside informations from the HVAC system supplier.
* Electricity block charges ( energy rates ) from Energy preservation Centre Wapda House, Lahore.
* Weather informations file ( Lahore.bin ) from www.doe2.comindexweather.html
Following consequences are obtained from the simulation procedure.
Monthly Energy ingestion by end-use in ( kWh )
Annual Energy ingestion by end-use in ( kWh )
Entire Annual energy Bill for the edifice constituents and systems including ;
Constructing Fabric
HVAC System
Artificial Lighting
6.3.8 Analysis of Consequences
This research revolves around the factor responsible for increase/decrease of the internal chilling and warming energy tonss. The factors we have already discussed concerned with the recent instance survey are ;
· Envelope of the Building
· Interior Lighting
· HVAC
6.3.8.1 Annual / Monthly Energy Consumption
The Result shown in Fig [ 6.12 ] [ xiii ] is concerned with the energy ingestion on monthly footing during the whole twelvemonth. The consequence shows the alteration in energy demand with the alteration in climatic conditions of the environment.
Consequences generated by eQuest 3.6
The Results shown in Fig [ 6.12 ] [ xiv ] is concerned with the energy ingestion on monthly footing during the whole twelvemonth. The consequence shows the alteration in energy demand with the alteration in climatic conditions of the environment.
6.3.8.2 Area Lighting and Task Lighting
The illuming tonss including general lighting ( xanthous colour ) , undertaking lighting ( brown colour ) , loads about remains changeless throughout the twelvemonth devouring an mean electricity ( 32.5×1000 KWh for country lighting, 37.5×1000 KWh for undertaking illuming & A ; 16×1000 KWh for office equipment ) , it reveals the fact that in office edifices, twenty-four hours lighting is non used for light intents by seting perpendicular blinds on the fixed Windowss / glazed panels.
6.3.8.3 Space Cooling & A ; Heating ( HVAC )
The chilling tonss ( bluish colour ) are changing with the alteration in climatic conditions throughout the twelvemonth in Lahore. The maximal chilling burden of ( 57.65×1000 ) KWh is observed during the month of June due to maximum outside temperature between 46 C? to 48 C? . On the other manus in January the chilling burden is relatively low ( 21×1000 ) KWh. The infinite warming tonss ( ruddy colour ) holding maximal value of ( 5.55×1000 ) KWh are observed during the month of January. The minimal warming tonss are observed in the month of November ( 1.25×1000 KWh ) .
6.3.8.4 Ventilation
For the innate country like auto parking, storage countries, lavatories, kitchenettes & A ; mechanical/electrical suites the minimal air flow demand is 2.0 cfm/person/sft. This air flow is achieved by utilizing airing fans ( magenta colour ) . The maximal energy tonss of ( 8×1000 KWh ) are coming during the month of June.
6.3.8.5 Office Equipment
By and large in office edifice the equipment burden remains changeless throughout the twelvemonth, as is seeable ( Green colour ) from the consequences in Fig [ 6.12 ] , In the BOP Tower the on the job conditions remains same for the whole twelvemonth.
6.3.8.6 Total Energy Consumed
The consequence shown in Fig [ 6.13 ] indicates the entire annual energy ( % ) consumed in infinite chilling, warming, country general lighting, undertaking lighting, office equipment and Ventilation.
The infinite chilling & A ; heating systems are devouring about 33 % of the entire energy. While country lighting and undertaking lighting is devouring 53 % of the entire energy that is really important.
6.3.8.7 Cost of Energy Consumed
The consequence shown in Fig [ 6.13 ] [ xv ] is related to the monthly energy measures of the energy consumed. It could be analyzed from consequences shown in s ( 6.11 & A ; 6.12 ) that the energy demand is changing throughout the twelvemonth with the alteration in climatic conditions. The saloon chart shows that in February the energy demand is minimal during the whole twelvemonth ( 227.7×1000 ) KWh which is 6.78 % of the entire energy consumed. On the other manus in June the energy burden is maximal, which is 9.33 % of the entire energy consumed.
The mean energy measure in one month is about ( 140×1000 ) Kwh sum to Rs. 1,314,690/- per month, as explained in the [ 6.14 ] on the following page.
6.3.8.8 Comparison of consequences with existent Energy Consumed
Average Monthly Bill is Rs. 1.3 Million
6.4 Case Study “B” JDEL Building at Descon World Headquarters
6.4.1 Location of the Site
Building is located to on 18-Km chief Ferozepure route 7.3 Km from Kalma chowk towards south & amp ; 6.5 Km from the Centre of Model Town.
6.4.2 General Description
JDEL ( J-Tech & A ; Descon Engineering Limited Joint venture ) situated in the Descon Estate 18-Km Ferozepure Lahore consisting a entire country of 05-Acers. The edifice is the extension of an bing “Descon World headquarter” edifice, used by Descon co-cooperative offices. JDEL edifice was constructed to suit the employees under the joint venture between Descon Engineering Pvt. Ltd & A ; J-Tech. Pvt. Ltd. , as shown in the [ 6.15 ] [ xvi ]
The edifice was designed by Arch. Umar Hassan, Oh+A Design Works, 7D Kashmir PAAF edifice, Egerton route, in 2005 & A ; completed in 2008. The edifice is designed as an office edifice with one cellar for auto parking, Lower Ground & A ; 06 office floors. The covered country of the edifice is 125,096 sft.
6.4.3 The Architectural Design
Basic program of the edifice is rectangular with one side ( Southern ) non at right angle with the other sides, following the angular secret plan line of the Descon province, as indicated on the above site program. As edifice is the extension of the bing caput office, so the Western side is a dead wall ( Adjacent wall between old & A ; new edifice ) , indicated on the typical floor program ( 6.16 ) [ seventeen ] . The Eastern wall is a consecutive with minimal glazing, confronting towards the J-Tech Building ( A ) .
The conceptual design of the undertaking was conceived by Arch. Omar Hassan the rule designer of M/s Oh+A Design Works.
JDEL Building is a concrete frame construction with column beam building there is one cellar and a Lower Ground floor, the ceiling tallness from FFL to soffit of slab is 10′-0” holding covered country of 21,327 & A ; 10383 severally. The Upper Ground floor & A ; typical floors get downing from 1st to 5th floor the clear ceiling tallness from FFL to soffit of slab is 11′-0” , the slab country of upper land and a typical floor is 12,417 & A ; 16,343 sft severally.
The entire tallness of the edifice from Plinth degree ( +5′-0” from internal route degree ) to exceed of parapet is 80′-0” , and it is traveling 16′-0” down from the plinth degree for cellar & A ; lower Ground floor.
6.4.4 The Envelope
JDEL Building is a composite construction of concrete columns & A ; brick walls. The edifice is confronting towards North orientation. The right side ( West side ) is a dead wall, next with the bing construction of chief Headquarter edifice, Left side is the East lift facing towards the J-Tech edifice ( A ) & A ; rear side, the angular one is on South orientation. Each side is cladded with a combination of 1 ?” thick “Gutka” confronting brick tile and paneled colour Crete with grey Portland cement ( Mixture of CS howitzer with marble french friess ) on opaque surfaces and clear glass is used on glassy surfaces. Detail of each side is given in Fig [ 6.17 ] on following page.
6.4.4.1 North Facade
Mention to the program given ( 6.17 ) , the North is the front side of the edifice. The North lift has the maximal per centum of glassy panels ( 47.3 % ) as shown in the ( 6.18 ) . The facade is composed with opaque & A ; glazed surfaces. All exterior walls are 9” midst with an add-on of 1 ?” thick “Gutka” confronting brick tile and paneled colour Crete with grey Portland cement ( Mixture of CS howitzer with marble french friess ) . The brick walls are indicated in ruddy colour. The 9” thick concrete wall is indicated in “Cyan” colour as shown in the given program ( 6.17 ) [ eighteen ] .
The 9” midst brick wall including 1 ?” midst confronting brick gutka has the U-Value = 1.71 W/sq. m/K, The cardinal drape wall with individual one manner brooding glass has U-Value = 4.8 W/sq. m/K with solar heat addition factor ( SHGF ) value of 0.75.
6.4.4.2 West Facade
New edifice is an extension of the bing Descon universe central office edifice. The new edifice is started at the eastern wall of the bing edifice. So the western wall of the new edifice is a dead wall attached with the eastern wall of the old edifice as indicated in the typical program already discussed.
6.4.4.3 EAST Facade
Left side is the East lift facing towards the J-Tech edifice ( A ) . Like other lifts, Eastern side is besides cladded with a combination of 1 ?” thick “Gutka” confronting brick tile and paneled colour Crete with grey Portland cement on opaque surfaces ( Emergency stairs perpendicular shaft ) and merely 4.4 % of the entire facade, glass country is provided holding a thickness of 5mm as shown in the [ 6.19 ] [ xix ]
6.4.4.4 SOUTH Facade
The southern ( Rear side ) wall is following the angular secret plan line of the Descon estate. It is barely 5 ‘ from the boundary wall. Keeping the same linguistic communication 1 ?” midst Gutka facing brick is applied on the facade. Sing the hottest side lower limit glazing is provided by the Architect. The glassy country is merely 3.8 % of the entire country of the facade. The whole facade is based on RCC columns & A ; 9” midst brick wall.
The 9” midst brick wall including 1 ?” midst confronting brick Gutka has the U-Value = 1.71 W/sq. m/K, The cardinal drape wall with clear glass has U-Value = 4.8 W/sq. m/K with solar heat addition factor ( SHGF ) value of 0.75.
6.4.5 Floor Specifications with thermic Properties:
The floors in cellars are 10” thick RCC slab with 2” PCC including hardener in cellars. Lower Ground Floor is finished with floor tiles ( Porcelain ) . The inside informations of the floors/slabs are given in the s [ 6.20 ] , [ 6.21 ] & A ; [ 6.22 ] severally.
6.4.6 Building Services
6.4.6.1 Lighting Design
The electrical technology services are given by electrical adviser Mr. Naseem Rathore, M/s ECON Associates, Gulberge Lahore. Consultant has designed the lighting services following the criterions with regard to nature of infinite & A ; light demands.
The design parametric quantities used for illuming services are given in Table [ 6.5 ] [ xx ] . Air-Conditioning tonss are non included in the given tonss.
Beginning: M/s Econ Associates
6.4.6.2 HVAC Design Services
The Mechanical Engineering ( HVAC ) services are designed & A ; executed by MIA Corporation. Basically this was a prison guard undertaking for MIA Corporation.
HVAC Design parametric quantities given below are collected from MIA Corporation subsequently on these parametric quantities are used to imitate the public presentation of the system.
6.4.6.2a HVAC Zones
ZONES.jpgThe HVAC zoning is harmonizing to the conditioned & amp ; non conditioned infinites of the edifice. The typical program of the edifice is demoing the conditioned & amp ; non-conditioned zones of the edifice as given in the [ 6.23 ] .
Descon World Headquarters Source: M/s ( Oh+A Design Works )
The country shown in beige colour is the Conditioned infinite including
· Offices for all type including office equipment / photocopier room
· Conference / Meeting / Discussion suites
· Entrance Lobbies / Staircase / Lift countries / Waiting Area
· Training Area
· Server Room
And the countries shown in green colour is the Non-Conditioned infinites including
· Corridors
· Balconies
· Kitchens / Kitchenettes
· Toilet Blocks
· Storage Areas
· Mechanical / Electrical Rooms
· Car parking countries in Basements
6.4.6.2b Weekly Occupancy Schedule
The starting & A ; shuting times of the office indicate the tenancy hours of the infinites. Occupancies hr are straight related to the overall electric burden of the edifice. The Occupancy hours of JDEL Building are given in Table 3.6 [ xxi ] .
6.4.6.2c Cooling & A ; Heating Set points
Cooling & A ; heating set points ( thermostat set temperatures ) are concerned with the least demand of comfort conditions for the internal infinites in a edifice, during tenancy & A ; non-occupancy hours. The design parametric quantities besides include the chilling & A ; heating set points ( Design temperatures ) at source/supply. The minimal flow of air in CFM ( Cubic pes per minute ) is besides required. Set points sing warming & A ; chilling are listed in Table 6.7 [ xxii ] . These temperatures will alter harmonizing to the climatic conditions.
THERMOSTAT SET POINTS
Sr. #
Description
Occupied
Unoccupied
1
Cooling Set Points
76 Deg F
82 Deg F
2
Heating Set Points
70 Deg F
64 Deg F
DESIGN TEMPERATURES
Indoor
Supply
3
Cooling Set Points
75 Deg F
55 Deg F
4
Heating Set Points
72 Deg F
95 Deg F
5
Minimum Design Flow
2.0 cfm/ft. sq.
Table 6.7 demoing the different temperature set points for JDEL Building
Beginning: M/s MIA Corporation
6.4.6.2d Design Occupancy of Spaces per individual
Occupancy of a infinite alterations with the alteration in activity performed. For optimising the chilling loads the tenancies of different infinites sing the infinite demands per individual should be calculated including design airing per individual per pes square.
The tabular array 6.8 [ xxiii ] given on the following page explains different countries with their tenancy and design airing rate.
Table 6.8 demoing % of different infinite, design airing air flow /person/sft
and design maximal tenancy, Source M/s MIA Corporation
6.4.6.2e HVAC Equipment Description
Heating system ( Radiant Heating System )
In JDEL edifice “Radiant Heating system” is used for infinite warming.
An electrical music director that offers opposition to the flow of electricity generates a certain sum of heat ; the sum of heat generated is in direct proportion to the grade of opposition. This method of bring forthing heat is employed in beaming warming systems.
The music director used in beaming warming systems is an electric warming overseas telegram embedded in the ceilings. The overseas telegrams may be installed at the site ( as is frequently the instance with new building ) , or they may be obtained in the signifier of prewired, factory-assembled, panel-type units. The heat generated by the overseas telegrams is transferred to the residents and surfaces in the room by low-intensity radiation.
Beaming ceiling heating systems are by far the most normally used type. The electric warming overseas telegrams are activated and controlled by wall-mounted, low-tension or line thermoregulators. [ twenty-four ]
Cooling system ( Chilled Water Coils )
A H2O hair-raiser is used to add chilling and dehumidification to the systems. A refrigeration-type H2O hair-raiser consists of a compressor, capacitor, thermic enlargement valve, and evaporator spiral. The H2O is cooled in the evaporator spiral and pumped through the system.
The boiler and H2O hair-raiser are installed as separate units, each with its ain circulator ( pump ) , or with one circulator in the return line. Cold H2O is circulated through the piping from the H2O hair-raiser for chilling intents.
Water condensed from the spiral during the chilling operation is trapped in a trickle pan and discarded through a drain connected to the convector. Some convectors besides contain a filter for air cleansing. The room convectors in a H2O hair-raiser chilling system are normally designed for single control. The same piping carries both the chilled and hot H2O to the room convectors, but it must be insulated to minimise condensation during the chilling operation. [ twenty-five ]
6.5 Analysis of Consequences
This research revolves around the factor responsible for increase/decrease of the internal chilling and warming energy tonss. The factors we have already discussed concerned with the old instance survey are ;
· Envelope of the Building
· Interior Lighting
· HVAC
6.5.1 Annual / Monthly Energy Consumption
The Result shown in [ 6.24 ] [ xxvi ] is concerned with energy ingestion on monthly footing during the whole twelvemonth. The consequence shows the alteration in energy demand with the alteration in climatic conditions of the environment.
6.5.2 Area General & A ; Task Lighting
The illuming tonss including general lighting ( xanthous colour ) , undertaking lighting ( brown colour ) & A ; office equipment ( green colour ) , loads about remains changeless throughout the twelvemonth devouring an mean electricity ( 52.5×1000 KWh country lighting, 82×1000 KWh undertaking illuming & A ; 47.5×1000 KWh equipment ) as shown in the [ 6.24 ] . It reveals the fact that in office edifices, twenty-four hours lighting is non used for light intent by seting perpendicular blinds on the Windowss and glassy hole panels.
6.5.3 Space Cooling & A ; Heating ( HVAC )
In the [ 6.24 ] chilling tonss ( bluish colour ) are changing with the alteration in climatic conditions throughout the twelvemonth in Lahore. The maximal chilling burden of ( 78.25×1000 ) is observed during the month of May due to maximal out-of-door temperature 45 C? to 47 C? . On the other manus in February infinite chilling burden is relatively low ( 38.55×1000 ) KWh.
The infinite warming tonss ( ruddy colour ) holding maximal value of ( 0.5×1000 ) KWh are observed during the month of December. The minimal demands of heating tonss are observed during the month of January ( 0.2×1000 KWh ) .
6.5.4 Ventilation
For the innate country like auto parking, storage countries, lavatories, kitchenettes & A ; mechanical / electrical suites the minimal air flow demand is 2.0 cfm/person/sft. This air flow will be achieved by utilizing airing fans ( magenta colour ) as shown in [ 6.24 ] . The maximal energy tonss of ( 14.15×1000 KWh ) are coming during the month of June.
6.5.5 Office Equipment
By and large in office edifice the office equipment burden remains about changeless throughout the twelvemonth, which is rather seeable ( Green colour ) from the consequences in Fig [ 6.24 ] , In JDEL office the on the job conditions remains same for the whole twelvemonth with a unvarying burden of ( 46×1000.KWh ) .
6.5.6 Total Energy Consumed
The consequence shown in Fig [ 6.25 ] indicates the entire annual energy ( % ) consumed in infinite chilling, warming, country general lighting, undertaking lighting, office equipment and Ventilation.
The infinite chilling & A ; heating systems are devouring about 24 % of the entire energy. While country lighting and undertaking lighting is devouring 53 % of the entire energy that is really important.
6.5.7 Total Energy Consumed
The consequence shown in ( 6.27 ) is related to the monthly energy measures of the energy consumed. It could be analyzed from consequence sheet no.1 & A ; 2 ( Fig 6.24, 6.25 ) that the energy demand is changing throughout the twelvemonth with the alteration in climatic conditions. The saloon chart shows that in February the energy demand is minimal during the whole twelvemonth ( 430.7×1000 ) KWh which is 6.98 % of the entire energy consumed. On the other manus in May the energy demands ( 554.4×1000 ) KWh is maximal throughout the twelvemonth, which is 8.98 % of the entire energy consumed.
6.6 Comparison of Results
This subdivision provides a comprehensive comparing of consequences between the two instance surveies already discussed sing the energy ingestion. The Table [ 6.9 ] is given below to give a amalgamate image of the energy ingestion in each edifice.
The tabular array [ 6.9 ] is explicating the per centum ingestion of energy in different infinite. It is seeable from the table per centum values that the energy ingestion tendency in both edifice is same. This similarity in ingestion tendency is due to the fact that both edifices are similar in nature “Office building” , situated in the same climatic zone of Pakistan, but different with regard to pick print, graduated table, tallness, figure of narratives, envelope specifications and design conditions.
6.6.1 Interior Lighting & A ; Office Equipment
In both edifices the interior lightings tonss including general & A ; undertaking lighting are about same, reflecting the same design conditions formulated by Engr. Naseem Rathore, ( M/s Econ Associates ) .
In JDEL Descon WHQ constructing the Architect has designed the general office infinites by giving a minimal country of 55sft/person as compared to country provided in BOP tower which is 70sft/person. It has increase the office tenancy per individual in JDEL edifice. Resultantly there we find an addition in undertaking lighting ( 32 % ) of JDEL edifice as compared to BOP tower which is ( 28 % ) shown in the tabular array [ 6.9 ] . Similarly the equipment burden will besides be addition to 19 % in JDEL edifice as compared to in BOP tower which is 13 % .
6.6.2 Space Cooling & A ; Heating ( HVAC )
Harmonizing to the comparing shown in table [ 6.9 ] , in JDEL constructing the chilling burden is 24 % which is lower than chilling burden in BOP tower which is 29 % of.
Cooling tonss are related to the thermic effectivity of the envelope. If we compare the envelopes of both the edifices it is clear that in BOP tower the envelope is non decently designed harmonizing to the climatic conditions of the Lahore. The Building-A ( BOP ) envelope has three frontages with curving drape walls with one manner reflected glass ( S-E 44.1 % , E-N 46.0 % , S-W 46.5 % & A ; N-W 8.5 % ) .
On the other manus in Building-B ( JDEL ) , three frontages are exposed to climate. Western side is a clean wall, next to the bing Eastern wall of the Descon WHQ edifice. The Northern side has the maximal glassy country ( 47.3 % ) with clear glass. The Southern & A ; Eastern sides have minimum glassy country of 3.8 % & A ; 4.4 % severally. Resultantly in building-B ( JDEL ) the chilling tonss are relatively low ( 24 % ) as compared to in building-A ( BOP ) which is 29 % .
In both edifices the blue blocks are demoing the chilling tonss which are changing with the alteration in climatic conditions throughout the twelvemonth in Lahore. Harmonizing to the Fig 6.12 & A ; 6.24, the chilling tonss are lifting towards the month of May & A ; June in both edifices, due to outdoor maximal temperature of 47-48 C? .
6.6.3 Ventilation
In BOP tower & A ; JDEL the innate country like auto parking, storage infinites, lavatories, kitchenettes & A ; mechanical/electrical suites the minimal airing demands are reflecting the similar energy ingestion tendency of 3.9 % – 4 % in both edifices.
6.7 Comparison with International Energy Conservation Codes 2009
Mention to International Energy Conservation Code “ICC, IECC” twelvemonth 2009, the edifice envelope should run into the fulfilment of different parametric quantities harmonizing to the demands of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings ) . These criterions are concerned with the thermic belongingss of the building stuffs, fenestration per centums of the envelope & A ; illuming design parametric quantities, listed below ;
· U-Values
· R-Values
· Area of Fenestration ( Glazing )
· SHGC Factor ( Solar heat addition coefficient )
· Lighting Density
6.7.1Lighting Density
It is clear from the consequences that the chief country of energy ingestion in both instances is the interior lighting including country illuming & A ; undertaking lighting. The amount of undertaking & A ; country lighting in both edifices is 53 % each.
After analysing the design parametric quantities, the strength of country lighting and undertaking lighting ( 3.0 to 3.5 Watts/sft ) are responsible for 53 % energy ingestion in each instance survey. Harmonizing to the Code “IECC” twelvemonth 2009, the maximal allowable illuming burden for both country & A ; undertaking lighting is 1.0W/sft. But in the instance of BOP ( Bank of Punjab tower ) , the country lighting is designed on 3.0W/sft and undertaking lighting is devouring 3.5 W/sft as given in the table Tab-6.10, Similarly in JDEL constructing the energy tonss of undertaking lighting and country lighting are designed on 3.0 W/sft & A ; 2.5 W/sft severally as shown in the table Tab-6.10.
By following the Code “IECC” twelvemonth 2009 we can cut down 70 % illuming tonss in BOP tower, likewise in JDEL we can salvage 64 % energy consumed by the interior lighting.
6.7.2The Envelope & A ; Cooling Loads
Envelope is the separation between the inside and the outside of a edifice. It serves as to protect the interior conditions from the outer environmental forces by commanding the thermic values of the outer shell. These thermic values change with the fluctuation in climatic conditions. These values have already defined as a design guidelines for energy preservation. In table 6.10 envelope guidelines are given by discoursing the thermic belongingss of walls, roofs, fenestration & A ; floors.
If we compare the thermic belongingss of walls above & A ; below class, slabs and fenestration country, we come to cognize that in BOP & A ; JDEL no design guidelines are followed to turn to the energy issues caused by local climatic conditions. So there would be an addition in chilling tonss. Harmonizing to the Code “ IECC” twelvemonth 2009, the maximal allowable fenestration is 40 % of the wall surface country with glass u-value 0.3 W/m.sq.K. But in both instance surveies the fenestration is 46.5 % in BOP & A ; 47.3 % in JDEL severally.
6.7.3SHGC Factor ( Solar heat addition coefficient )
The fraction of external solar radiation that is admitted through a window straight transmitted, and absorbed and later released inward. The solar heat addition coefficient ( SHGC ) has replaced the shadowing coefficient ( SC ) as the standard index of a window ‘s shading ability. SHGC is expressed as a figure between 0 and 0.87. The lower a window ‘s SHCG, the less solar heat it transmits, and the greater it ‘s shadowing ability. SHGC may be expressed in footings of the glass entirely or may mention to the full window assembly.
To cut down the SHGC, makers can use a spectrally selective low-E ( low-emissivity ) coating to glazing as directed by Code “ICC, IECC” twelvemonth 2009. This type of low-E coating can cut down the chilling burden in the summer. Brooding coatings and tinted glass can besides assist cut down the SHGC.
In both instance surveies no low-E ( low-emissivity ) coating is applied to the fenestration to cut down the values of SHGC ( 0.75 ) . The value 0.75 of SHGC means the solar heat addition is 75 % through the glass. Harmonizing to Code “ICC, IECC” twelvemonth 2009, the maximal value of SHGC should non be greater than 0.35, average maximal 35 % solar heat addition through the glass.
[ I ] Pulling taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates ( Consultant ) , June 2009
[ two ] Section taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates ( Consultant ) , June 2009
[ three ] Pulling taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates ( Consultant ) , June 2009
[ four ] Image Taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates, June 2009
[ V ] Image Taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates, June 2009
[ six ] Image Taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates, June 2009
[ seven ] Table/values taken from M/s Econ Associates
[ eight ] Pulling taken from M/s Imtiaz Ali & A ; Associates ( Consultant ) , June 2009
[ nine ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, June 2009.
[ x ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, June 2009.
[ xi ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, June 2009.
[ xii ] James E. Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals, Volume 3, Page 417, 2004
[ xiii ] Result sheet explain the monthly energy consumed in BOP tower by EQuest
[ xiv ] Result sheet explain the monthly energy consumed in BOP tower by EQuest
[ xv ] Result sheet explain the energy measures on monthly footing in BOP tower by EQuest
[ xvi ] Image Taken from ( Oh+A ) Design Works, June 2009
[ xvii ] Image Taken from ( Oh+A ) Design Works, June 2009
[ xviii ] Image taken from M/s ( Oh+A ) Design Works
[ xix ] Image taken from M/s ( Oh+A ) Design Works
[ xx ] Table/values taken from M/s Econ Associates
[ xxi ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, July 2009.
[ xxii ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, July 2009.
[ xxiii ] Table/Values taken from M/s MIA Corporation, July 2009.
[ xxiv ] James E. Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 1, Page 258, 2004
[ xxv ] James E. Brumbaugh, HVAC Fundamentals Volume 3, Page 410, 2004
[ xxvi ] Result sheet explain the monthly energy consumed in JDEL by EQuest
[ xxvii ] International Energy Conservation Code, Table 502.3, 505.5.2, Page 41,59 Jan 2009
