the daughter cells have genes identical to each other and their parent cells
when a cell undergoes mitosis, what happens to the genes?
the daughter cells receive enough organelles to produce the rest that are needed
what happens to the organelles when eukaryotic cells divide?
16
In mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?
diploid
What is the term that describes cells with a double set of genetic information?
sperm; egg
Give an example of a cell that is NOT a somatic cell.
46
What is the chromosome number in human body cells?
sister chromatids
Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what kind of chromatid?
S phase
DNA replication occurs during what phase?
2
What is the number of chromatids present in a duplicated chromosome?
prophase—metaphase—anaphase—telophase
What is the proper sequence of phases for mitosis?
prophase
At the end of which phase is the chromosomes condensed?
prophase
The spindle apparatus becomes visible during what phase?
metaphase
What is the name of the phase during which the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator?
anaphase
The chromosomes detach from one another and become visibly separated during what phase?
anaphase
The chromosomes are moving to opposite poles during what phase?
telophase
The chromosomes have arrived at opposite poles during what phase?
telophase
The nuclear membrane reforms during what phase?
nucleus and chromosomes
Strictly speaking, mitosis and meiosis are divisions of which part(s) of a cell?
prophase and metaphase
In which stages does the chromosome consist of two chromatids?
cytokinesis
The distribution of the cytoplasm to the daughter cells is accomplished during what phase?
It breaks apart chromosomes and alters genes
What does ionizing radiation do to cells?
the body has time to repair damaged DNA
Why do small doses of ionizing radiation over a long period of time cause less damage than the same amount of radiation in a very short time?
destroying harmful bacteria, fungi, etc. and limiting spoilage
What is the purpose of irradiating foods?
germ cells
What kind of cells go through meiosis?
2 gametes are formed, each receiving one member of each homologous chromosomes
What is the main point of meiosis?
the formation of sex cells
What does gametogenesis, or gamete formation, mean?
the chromosome number would double in each generation
What would happen if meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms?
8
If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and undergoes meiosis, each of the resulting cells would have how many chromosomes?
prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes may swap segments of genetic information during which phase of meiosis?
92
How many chromatids are in a cell in prophase 1 of spermatogenesis in humans?
4 haploid cells
How many cells are produced when once cell goes through meiosis?
the newly divided centromeres being to move apart
What event begins anaphase?
metaphasse 1
Paired homologous chromosomes are found at the spindle equator during what phase?
sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other
What happens to the DNA during meiosis 2?
sister chromatids
Copies of chromosomes linked together at their centromeres at the beginning of meiosis are appropriately called what kind of chromatids?
the alteration of the composition of chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles being channeled into the daughter cells
What is crossing over?
prophase 1
Intimate contact between homologous chromosomes and crossing over occur during what phase?
it increases variability in gametes
Why is crossing over important?
prophase 1
Pairing of homologues and crossing over occur during what phase?
alleles
What are different or alternative forms of the same gene called?
anaphase 2
During meiosis, in what phase are sister chromatids separated from each other?
prophase 1
Under favorable conditions, during which phase of meiosis will the chromosomes appear as packets of four chromatids?
metaphase 1
During what phase are paternal and maternal chromosomes shuffled most?
disjuntion
During anaphase 1, each homologue is separated from its partner. What is this process called?
G1 and G2
In what phase(s) are the events of the cell cycle mainly cytoplasmic, not chromosomal?
1. combination of maternal and paternal DNA
2. crossing over
3. independent assortment
2. crossing over
3. independent assortment
List three ways sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity.
