Ch. 9 10

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
in the stroma.
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
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water … NADPH
NADPH is a reactant in the Calvin cycle.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
RuBP
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
NADPH
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.
6
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
2
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
Photosynthesis
Which process produces oxygen?
The light-dependent reactions
Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2?
The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.
What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere?
True
True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.
NADPH
Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I?
They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.
What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
Regneration of RuBP
Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose?
photorespiration
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____
cytoplasm
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase
The immediate energy source that drives ATP su theists by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the
Glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule
Provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient
In the mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
Oxygen
The final electron acceptor of the election transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
Pyruvate
What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction
Pyruvate+ NADH +H+ > lactate + NAD
The PH of the matrix increases
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria which of the following changes occurs
The citric acid cycle
Most CO2 from catabolism is realized during
Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level whereas breathing is at the organismal level
Select the correct statement about cellular respiration
The individuals ATP production will not change significantly
How will a healthy individuals ATP production change during an eight hour fast
The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate with a net yield of two ATP
Which of the following statement accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration
The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of immediates
In cellular respiration a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donated electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain
The basic function of formation is the regeneration of NAD+ which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis
Identify all the correct statements about the basic function of fermentation
Transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration
Glucose is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration what is consumed and what is produced
It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell
Which of the following described the process of glycolysis
It is stored in NADH and FADH2
A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. Where is the rest of the energy that the cell can obtain from the glucose molecule?
The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct
Water
The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound
The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane
Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct
The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane
Which of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct
Two ATP
In the absence of oxygen what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis
The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules
In most cells not all of the carbon compounds that participate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycles are converted to carbon dioxide by cellular respiration. What happens to the carbon in these compounds that does not end up as CO2
ATP and NADPH
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
H20 > NADPH> Calvin Cycle
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis
In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially
How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic
Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs
The release of oxygen
Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to
Removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
Which process is mostly directly driven by light energy
They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials
Plants are photographs what does this mean
Sunlight
The ultimate source of energy to support most life on earth is
The basic function of light reactions of photosynthesis is conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
Describe the basic function of light reactions of photosynthesis
Glucose
Select the correct molecule that is the main product of the Calvin cycle
Co3 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules
What is the basic role of CO2 in photosynthesis
The Calvin cycle has three phases
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
Statement about the Calvin cycle
Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules
Why are plants classified as producers
Chloroplast
The photosynthetic membranes are found in the
In plant cells
Ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation
In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between
Oxygen ATP and NADPH
Which of the following is a product of light reactions of photosynthesis
Splitting water
When light stricken chlorophyll molecules they lose electrons which ultimately replaced by
Oxidized
Reduced
****Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H20 is
During the light reactions and CO is
During the Calvin cycle
NADPH
Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle
Making sugar
The overall function of the Calvin cycle is
They can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when stomata are closed
C4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because
H+ flows across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase.
Most of the ATP in cellular respiration is produced by the process of chemiosmosis. How does this process produce ATP?
Amino acids
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration. Which of the following molecules can also be used by cellular respiration to generate ATP?
The function of cellular respiration is to _____
NADH and FADH2
In what molecule(s) is the majority of the chemical energy from pyruvate transferred during the citric acid cycle?
At the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O
During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes?
enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step ______
glucose is phosphorylated before it is split into two three-carbon molecules
During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, __________.
Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+, which facilitates the production of ATP in glycolysis.
Fermentation by itself produces no ATP but keeps glycolysis going, which produces a small amount of ATP. How does fermentation do this?
loses an electron
A molecule becomes more oxidized when it __
Two ATP, six NADH, and two FADH2
What is the total production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle from one molecule of glucose?
NADH and ATP are produced
During the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, _
Glycolysis
In which process is glucose oxidized to form two molecules of pyruvate?
Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.
In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?
Oxidative phosphorylation
All of the processes involved in cellular respiration produce ATP. Which of the following processes produces the most ATP?
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate, and alcohol fermentation produces ethanol.
Which statement correctly describes the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
The combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport
Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2?
glucose; oxygen
In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.
Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle AND producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration?
NADH
After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of __________.
It is reduced to form water.
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
The citric acid cycle
Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes?
Glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
Citric acid cycle: cytosol
Which of the following pairs of pathways and their location in the cell is incorrectly matched?
Feedback inhibition of glycolysis
Cells must regulate their metabolic pathways so that they do not waste resources. What is the most common mechanism that regulates cellular respiration in most cells?
The pumping of H+ across the cristae of the mitochondrion
The energy from the electrons in NADH and FADH2 fuel what process in the electron transport chain?
regenerate NAD+
Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do which of the following?
extract usable energy from glucose
The function of cellular respiration is to __________.
The flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme
The ATP synthase in a human cell obtains energy for synthesizing ATP directly from which of the following processes?
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following metabolic pathways produce(s) the most ATP, per glucose molecule metabolized, during cellular respiration?
Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation
A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes?
ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle could not occur without the light reactions. Which of the following statements describes why this is the case?
thylakoids
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the __________.
Thylakoid membranes
Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?
Water
Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?
G3P production
Which of the following processes occurs during the second phase, the reduction phase, of the Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated.
The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why?
NADPH; ATP; oxygen
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in __________. The light reactions also produce __________ and __________.
movement of H+ through a membrane
The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from __________.
use chemiosmosis to produce ATP
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts __________.
Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced.
Metabolic pathways are typically redox processes. In photosynthesis, what molecule is oxidized and what molecule is reduced?
All of the listed processes can use G3P.
G3P is used in which of the following processes?
The first product of carbon fixation in C4 plants is a four-carbon compound instead of a three-carbon compound
Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference in carbon fixation between C3 and C4 plants?
The Calvin cycle incorporates each CO2 molecule, one at a time, by attaching it to a five-carbon sugar named ribulose bisphosphate.
During the Calvin cycle, what happens during the carbon fixation phase?
Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced by photophosphorylation. Which of the listed processes is most similar to photophosphorylation?
Stomata
Carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit a leaf by diffusion. Which structure(s) on a leaf allow(s) this process to happen?
Through the stomata
How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?
The light reactions by linear electron flow
During which process is molecular oxygen produced in photosynthesis?
While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation.
You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while you are away on vacation. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark?
capture light energy
The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to __________.
Thylakoid membrane
The light reactions of photosynthesis use chemiosmosis to produce ATP that will be used in the Calvin cycle. The electrochemical gradient that drives this chemiosmosis is formed across which structure(s)?
water
The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.
Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
CO2 is reduced.
Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH.
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with __________.
All of the listed structures are parts of a photosystem.
A photosystem consists of which of the following structures?
Stroma
Where does the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis occur?
their electrons become excited
When chloroplast pigments absorb light, __________.
They are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms.
Why are most autotrophs referred to as the producers of the biosphere?
carbon dioxide
In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from __________ to make sugar and other organic molecules.
Chlorophyll absorbs all of the visible spectrum of light except green, which it reflects.
What property of the pigment chlorophyll makes it appear green?
glycolysis
(1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, and (3) oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis).
aerobic respiration
electron transport chains convert the chemical energy to a form used for ATP synthesis
chemiosmosis
photophosphorylation
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