| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A way of thinking correctly for oneself that successfully leads to the most reliable answers to questions and solutions to problems | critical thinking |
| What is the Latin word for science? | Scire |
| What does Scire mean? | to know |
| A method of investigating nature — a way of knowing about nature that discovers reliable knowledge about it | Science |
| What has a high chance of being true because it has been verified by a reliable method | Reliable Knowledge |
| What are the 3 tools of science? | evidence, logical reasoning, and skepticism |
| What are the two types of sciences? | Observational and Experimental |
| What do scientist do in observational science? | investigators do not assign treatments to subjects |
| What do scientist do in experimental science? | investigators assign treatment to subjects |
| Why do scientists measure? | to make predictions / judgements / and decisions |
| What is an informed, testable, and predictive solution to a scientific problem that explains a natural phenomenon, process, or event? | Scientific hypothesis |
| What is a hypothesis that has passed it tests and its predictions have been verified? | Corroborated hypothesis |
| What is a highly corroborated hypothesis that has been so repeatedly tested and for which so much reliable evidence exists that it would be perverse or irrational to deny? | Scientific Fact |
| What is a unifying and self-consistent explanation of fundamental natural processes of phenomena that is totally constructed of corroborated hypotheses? | Scientific Theory |
| True or False? A theory is not a beginning– it is a thoroughly tested final product. | True |
| What is the Scientific Method? | Make observations –> Question –> Hypothesis–> Predictions –> Test (experiment or additional observation) |
| If a test does not support the hypothesis what should you do? | revise the hypothesis and pose a new one |
| If a test does support the hypothesis what should you do? | make additional predictions and test them |
| Who made Barbituric acid? | Adolf Von Baeyer |
| What was barbituric acid market as in 1904? | Veronal ( composed of diethyl barbituric acid) |
| In 1930 What did Ernest Volwiler and Donalee Tabern isolate? | pentobarbital |
| What was pentobarbital marketed as? | Nembutal |
| What often happened when people took to much pentobarbital? | OD |
| What drug was introduced and was advertised as something you could not OD on? | Thalidomide |
| What were some marketing names for Thalidomide? | Distoval, Neurosedyn, Contergan, et alia |
| Was thalidomide ever sold in the US? | NO |
| Who was the FDA agent who had the case to approve or deny the rights to Thalidomide in the US? | Dr. Frances Kelsey |
| What were the two major problems with thalidomide? | It had never been tested on a pregnant woman and it was sold as a sedative but never actually sedated the rats |
| Science is a __________? | method |
| What did thalidomide cause? | Severe birth defects because it transferred into the bloodstream of the fetus |
| What cells did thalidomide target? | growth cells |
| How many babies survived the effects of thalidomide? | 4000-5000 |
| August 7 1962 Dr. Kelsey received what award for her work on thalidomide? | The President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1st woman to do so) |
| What did Marilyn Monroe do 2 days before Dr. Kelsey received her award? | OD'd on pentobarbital |
| What kinds of Science are we going to study? | physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and geology |
| What is physics? | the study of matter in motion |
| What is chemistry? | the study of the combination of molecules and atoms |
| What is biology? | the study of living systems |
| What is astronomy? | the study of objects in the heavens |
| What is geology? | the study of the solid earth |
| How is science funded? | Tax payer dollars |
| How much federal funding was awarded to science in 2014? | $136 Billion |
| Where do scientist communicate their results? | Scientific journals |
| What is a system by which the editor of a scientific journal submits manuscripts considered for publication to a panel of knowledgeable scientists who in confidence evaluate the manuscript for mistakes, misstatements, and shoddy procedures? | Peer review |
| When is science writing trustworthy? | When it is peer edited |
| What is pseudo science? | false science / a kind or inquiry falling in the realm of belief of dogma that cannot be proved or disproved with a reproducible test |
| The greek word pseudes means? | false |
| What are some common give aways for pseudo science? | we have proven, this proves, proof that cannot be ignored |
| What are some common give aways for real science? | Consistent with the hypothesis, Supports the existing model, We provide compelling evidence |
| Can we detect the sun and the moon? | yes by using the 3 tools of science |
| Can we detect the apparent movement of the sun and moon? | yes through observational science |
| Can we detect and characterize moving celestial bodies? | yes |
| Who is credited with understanding how the planets move in respect to others? | Ptolemy |
| What did ptolemy's model state? | That the earth was the center of the universe |
| Who challenged Ptolemy's model of the universe? | Copernicus |
| What was different about Copernicus's model vs Ptolemy's model? | Copernicus stated that the sun was the center of the universe (he used observational science) |
| For all points on a circle, radius = ? | distance to the center |
| For all points on an ellipse, d1 + d2 =? | length of major axis |
| What did Johannes Kepler contribute to our understanding of the structure of the Solar System? | Kepler's Law of Planetary Motion |
| What did Kepler's Law of Planetary Motion state? | That planets move in ellipses with the sun as the focus |
| The branch of science that deals with the motions of material objects and the forces that act on them? | mechanics |
| Can we measure motion? | not without first detecting movement, after we must measure |
| What is the formula for speed? | speed = distance/time —— in m/s |
| What is the difference between speed and velocity? | Velocity is speed and direction |
| What is acceleration? | A measure of the rate of change of velocity |
| What is the formula for acceleration? | a = change in velocity / unit time (m/s)/s = m/s^2 |
| For a body at rest… | Velocity (m/s) = acceleration (m/s^2) x time(s) v = a x t |
| Distance traveled = ? | Distance Traveled = 1/2 x acceleration x t^2 d = 1/2 x (a) x t^2 |
| What makes an object accelerate? | Force |
| What force acted on Galileo's model? | Gravity |
| What is acceleration due to gravity on earth? | 9.8 m/s^2 |
| Who posed the universal laws of motion? | Isaac Newton |
| An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalance force. | First Law of Motion |
| What is something that produces a change in the state of motion of an object? | Force |
| What is the formula for force? | F = m x a Force equals mass time acceleration |
| The acceleration produced on a body by a force is proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. | Second Law of Motion |
| Mass is measured in? | Kg |
| Acceleration is measured in? | m/s^2 |
| Force is measured in? | Newtons |
| True or False; Weight and Mass are the same. | False : weight and mass are different |
| For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | Third Law of Motion |
| What is the opposite force of gravity on earth? | Contact or Normal force |
| What is Momentum? | the tendency of a body to keep moving |
| What is the formula for momentum? | momentum = mass x velocity p = m x v p = kg x m/s |
| What is the conservation of linear momentum? | |
| What is the conservation of angular momentum? | is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important quantity in physics because it is a conserved quantity – the angular momentum of a system remains constant unless acted on by an external torque. |
| What is an attractive force that acts on every object in the universe? | gravity |
| What is the source of gravity? | all matter |
| G =(6.67 x 10^-11 N x m^2) / kg^2 | Gravitational Constant |
| Are g and G the same? | No |
| Are g and G constant? | G is, however, g can vary |
| Why care about energy? | because we are alive and we use energy |
| What is any system that uses energy for the purposes of growth, maintenance, and reproduction? | Living system |
| How do you determine if and object is alive? | If it uses energy |
| What is energy? | the ability to do work |
| What is energy measured in? | Joules (J) |
| Who is the Joule named after? | James Joule |
| What is work? | force applied over a distance |
| What is the formula for work? | W = F x d J = N x m |
| One Joule = ? | one Newton of force applied over one meter of space |
| Energy is measured in ? | Joules (Newton x Meters) |
| Work is measured in ? | Joules (Newton x Meters) |
| What is power? | work per unit time |
| What is the formula for power? | P = w/t W = J/s |
| 1 Watt =? | 1 Joule per second |
| Who is the Watt named after? | James Watt |
| What is the english unit for Watts? | Horsepower (HP) |
| 1 HP = ? | 745.7 Watts as well as 550 ft pounds per second (FPS) |
| How much energy are we using? | P = W/t P x t = W Watts x seconds = W |
| What are the 5 different forms of energy? | kinetic, potential, thermal, wave, mass |
| What is kinetic energy? | energy of motion |
| What is potential energy? | the energy of position |
| What is thermal energy? | the random kinetic energy of atoms and molecules |
| What is wave energy? | the kinetic energy associated with different kinds of waves |
| How are mass and energy related? | mass is a form of energy |
| Can energy be transformed? | Yes, thinking hydroelectric energy |
| What is Total Mechanical Energy? | Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy |
| Is sunlight energy ? | Yes |
| How much energy does the earth receive from the sun? | 5.65 x 10^24 J/yr |
| How much energy did the earth use in 2012 | 4.96 x 10^20 J/yr |
| First Trophic Level | producers (plants and algae) |
| Second Trophic Level | Primary Consumers (crickets) eat first |
| Third Trophic Level | Secondary Consumers (Frogs) eat second |
| Fourth Trophic Level | Tertiary Consumers (Humans) eat third |
| Is the transformation of usable energy across trophic levels efficient? | No |
| What is a part of the universe under study and separated from its surroundings by a real or imaginary boundary? | A system |
| What kinds of physical systems are there? | Open, Closed, and Isolated |
| Open systems allow ? | all matter and all energy |
| Closed Systems allow? | no matter and energy only |
| Isolated systems allow? | no matter or energy |
| In an isolated system the total amount of energy, including heat, is conserved | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| What are the sources of energy? | Coal, Renewables, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Oil, Hydroelectricity |
| What are carbon rich deposits of ancient life that burn with a hot flame? | Fossil Fuels |
| What are 3 examples of fossil fuels? | Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal |
| Which country has the most oil reserves? | Venezuela |
| Which country produces the most oil? | USA |
| What is a source of energy that, once used, are not quickly replace? Define and Give Examples. | Non – Renewable energy source / coal, natural gas, oil, uranium ore |
| Will we need more energy in the future? | yes |
| What is a renewable energy source? | Sources of energy that, once used, are quickly replace |
| What are some examples of a renewable energy source? | Wind and Solar Power |
| Who leads in the generation of wind power? | USA but China is in second |
| Where are the wind farms concentrated in the US? | Middle Texas and Iowa/Minnesota |
| Where are the solar farms in the US? | South East, South West, and North East |
| Are there solar farms in Alabama? | NO |
| Who leads the world in Solar power production? | Germany |
| What are the pros of wind energy? | renewable and plentiful, nearly completely clean, compatible with other land uses |
| What are the cons of wind energy? | Variable amount of energy generated, danger to wildlife, negative environmental impact |
| How much does it cost to start a wind farm? | Commercial: $1-2 million Residential: $35-50k |
| What are the Pros of solar farms? | renewable and plentiful, nearly completely clean, no mechanical parts, noiseless |
| What are the Cons of solar farms? | cannot be used at night, low energy transformation efficiency |
| How much does it cost to start a solar farm? | Residential: $15 -40k |
| What is Heat?(thermal energy) | the random kinetic energy of atoms and molecules |
| What is a quantity that reflects how vigorously atoms are moving and colliding in a material? | temperature |
| What countries in the world do not use the metric system? | USA, Liberia, Myanmar |
| How can we measure temperature? | Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin |
| Kelvin measures to what temperature? | Absolute Zero |
| What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a material by 1 degree C? | Specific Heat Capacity |
| How is heat transferred? | Conduction, Convection, and Radiation |
| What is the transfer of heat by collisions between vibrating atoms and molecules? | Conduction |
| What is the transfer of heat by the physical motion of masses of fluid? | Convection |
| What is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation? | Radiation |
| In a closed system, transformation of energy results in a decrease in usable energy and an increase in entropy. | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics predict? | 1. Heat will to flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body. / 2. You cannot construct an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work. / 3. Every isolated system becomes more disordered with time. |
| What are the fundamental forces of the universe? | Strong Force, Electromagnetic Force, Weak Force, Gravity |
| What is a force, more powerful than gravity, that moves objects both toward and away from each other, depending upon the charge | Electricity |
| What is a phenomenon caused by the transfer of electrical charge between objects? | Static Electricity |
| Is Lighting a form of electricity? | Yes, It is a movement of electrical charge from water droplets to the ground |
| Charge of a Proton | +1 Mass = 1.673 x 10^-27 kg |
| Charge of a Neutron | 0 Mass = 1.675 x 10^-27 kg |
| Charge of an Electron | -1 Mass = 9.1 x 10^-31 kg |
| What is the smallest unit of an element? | atom |
| What is a substance that cannot be converted to simpler substances by ordinary chemical means? | element |
| Are all atoms built the same way? | No |
| How can we explain electricity in terms of charged particles? | the movement of electrons |
| How do we measure the amount of a charge? | Coulombs (C) |
| What is Coulomb's Law? | F = (k x q1 x q2) / d^2 F – electrical force (N) k – electrical constant (9 x 10^9 N x m^2/C^2) q – charge (Coulombs, C) d – distance between charges (m) |
| What is the strength of the force that acts on a +1 charge at that point in space? | electrical field |
| What evidence do we have for magnetism? | Iodestone and a compass from China in 220 BC |
| What is a collection of lines that map the direction that compass needles would point in the vicinity of the magnet? | Magnetic Field |
| What are some things you should know about magnets? | Every magnet has two poles, 2 Norths repel as well as 2 souths |
| What is an unboken path of material that carries electricity? | electrical circuit |
| What is a flow of charged particles? | electrical current |
| What units do we use to measure electrical current? | amperes (A) |
| 1 ampere (A) = ? | 1 Coulomb of charge per second |
| What is it called when electric charges move from the positive (surplus) side of the battery to the negative (deficiency) side? | Conventional Flow Notation |
| What is pressure produced by an energy source in an electrical circuit? | Voltage (V) |
| What is a measurement of how hard it is to push electrons through materials? | Electrical resistance (ohms R) |
| What is Ohm's Law? | V = I x R |
| What is the connection between electricity and magnetism? | magnetic fields can be created by the motions of electrical charges |
| How can we describe a magnetic field around a wire that carries current? | right hand rule |
| What is a device that produces a magnetic field from a moving electrical charge? | electromagnet |
