Vary in size and shape
Pleomorphic bacteria
Bacterial arrangements is the result of snapping division
Palisades
Corynebacterium
Figure is typical of
Is responsible for separating the daughter DNA molecules after replication
Cytoplasmic membrane
May be produced when nutrients are scarce
Endoscopes
Classification schemes for prokaryotes
Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology contains
Process by which a bacterial cell produce an endospore
Sporulation
Most common form of reproduction among prokaryotes
Binary fission
Are intercellular parasitic members of the alphproteobacteria
Rod shaped rickettsias
Prosthecae to produce extra surface area for nutrient absorption
Some members of the alphaeobacteria produce a structure called
Vibrio
Curved bacterial shaped is called
are a group of positive bacteria that form branching filaments resembling those of fungi
Actinomycetes
Streptococcus
genes of pathogenic cocci responsable for a wide range of human disease & whose members grow in chains
may alternate between a flagellated motile stage & a nonmotile stage attached by means of prosthecae
Alphaproteobacteria
fixation
Reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia
Mycobacterium
Slow growing bacteria in the genus , are able to withstand long exposure to air because of the presence of mycolic acid in their cell wall structure
galls
PLant tumors caused by Agrobacterium infections are
are a group of graam negative bacteria that include obligate anaerobes normally found in the intestinal tracts of animals & humans
bacteroids
elementary body
the infective stage of clamydia is called the
opportunistic
Burkholderia is a common ________ pathogen of patients with cystic fibrosis
zygote
the fussion of two gametes produces a
inter-phase
replication of the DNA occurs during
anaphase of mitosis
Sister chromatids seperae and move toward the poles of the cell during
tetrad
An aligned pair of homologous chromosomes is called
fungi, usually diploid
following pairs are mismatched
anaphase II of meiosis
sister chromatids separate during
a diploid cell produces haploid daughter cells
most accurate statement regarding meiosis
schizogony
merozoites are a result of
Toxoplasma , cilia
mismatched pairs
cyst
protozoan stage that allows for transmission of intestinal parasites from one host to another
protozoa
singled – celled eukaryote s lacking a cell wall are
is the entire interwoven mass of one multicellular fungal organism
mycelium
Paramecium and Plasmodium
classified among the Alveolates
euglenid
Single-celled eukaryote that is both photosynthetic & a chemoheterotroph is
a protozoan with two nuclei and no mitochondria
Giardia
Kinetoplastids
Protozoa that have a single large mitochondria and are found in living animals
foraminiferans
types of protozoa contribute to limestone formation in their fossilized state
mode of development
the asexual spores of molds are classified according to their
dikaryon
cell type is associated with sexual reproduction in fungi
sporangiospores
fungal spores produced asexually within a sac-like chamber at the tip of a hypha are called
both helminths and protozoa
parasitology is the study of
Pfiesteria
the following is a dinoflagellate whose toxin causes possible estuary-associated syndrome (PEAS)
Phaeophyta
large seaweed known as kelp is classified as a member of the
molds
Hyphae are associated with
zygomycota
septate fungi are classified as
cyanobacteria or green algae
Lichens are composed of a symbiosis of fungi
slime molds
plasmodium is a coenocytic structure associated with
mushrooms
the division Basidiomycota includes
are directly beneficial to vascular plants
mycorrhizae
protozoa genera helps termites digest wood
Trichonympha
16 chromatids
diploid number of 8 chromosomes
associated with meiosis but not with mitosis
a tetrad
late anaphase & early telophase
virtually indistinguishable under the microscope
occurs without cytokinesis, and the following is produced
coenocytes
anaphase of mitosis
chromatids move towards opposite poles during
schizogony
multiple mitosis followed by a single cytokinetic event is known as
metaphase
the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during
cytokinesis
process which in the cytoplasm is divided between daughter cells is known as
meiosis
process represented by this figure
diatoms
single celled algae that are major producers of oxygen , cell walls are useful in a variety of products for
algae
simple eukaryotes that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis & reproduce by means of alternation of generations
protozoa
single celled organisms called ciliates are
Ascomycota
Deutermycetes are not known to reproduce sexually
arachnids
multicellular organisms with hard exoskeletons, segmented bodies & four pairs of jointed legs
merozoites
fever & chills associated with malaria are due to the release of uninucleate daughter cells of PLasmodium called
vegetative stage of a protozoan
trophozoite
are so sensitive to pollutants they are used as indicators of environmental conditions
lichens
rhizaria
Protozoa that move & feed by the use of fine threadlike pseudopodia are
are protozoa that produce cell walls composed of silica
radiolarian
conidiospores
the asexual reproductive spores produced at the tis of hyphae & are not enclosed in a sec are
Chitin
fungi & insects both use the nitrogenous polysaccharides as a protective molecule in their outer surfaces
diploid bodies
water molds differ from true fungi in having
haustoria
modified hyphae that allow fungi to derive nutrients from other living organisms are
fleas
plague is transmitted by
soredia
lichens spread to new areas by the use of multicellular fragments called
alternation
multicellular algae often reproduce sexually by by means of haploid and diploid individuals in a process
worms as well as single celled protozoa
microbiologists interested in parasitism study multicellular parasitic
gamete
sexual reproduction in unicellular algae is accomplished by the cell acting as
vectors
ticks, lice, &mosquitoes often serve as
viruses lack cytoplasm and organelles
viruses differ from other pathogens
both protection and recognition
outermost layer of a virion fulfills
is a virus that infects bacterial cells
bacterophage
type of nucleic acid
characteristic by which viruses are classified
interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules
host specificity of a virus is due to
the capsid
primarily responsible for the shape of a virion
they have no intracellular state
fungal viruses different from viruses that infect other organisms
viroids
infectious particles do NOT have PROTEIN in their structure
inserted viral DNA may leave the host DNA
may occur in a lysogenic, but not latent
some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family
statements regarding virus taxonomy is true
genus and both specific epithet are used in both classification systems
comparing virus classification and taxonomy or organisms is true
III, V, I, II, IV
places stages of lytic replication cycle in order from earliest to latest stages
random collisions, chemical attractions, receptor specificity
associated with the attachment of a bacteriophage to a bacterial cell
entry and release
enzyme lysozyme is critical for which stages of a bacteriophage T4 infection cycle
direct penetration
which means of entry into a host cell is common to both some animal viruses & bacteriophage T4
digestion of host DNA
events occur in the lytic of bacteriophage T4 infection but NOT in lysogenic cycle
genetic material of the bacteriphage is amplified many times overt he seen in a lytic phage
is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage
are agents that are capable of inducing conversion of a prophage to the lytic cycle
both UV light and X-Rays
adenovirus, membrain fusion
matched incorrectly
retroviruses
reverse transriptase is associated with
+ssRNA viruses
genome animal virus can act directly as mRNA
-ssRNA
types of animal virus requires RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase to be replicated
a DNA polymerase
viral genome may encode
nuclear & cytoplasmic membranes & the endoplasmic reticulum
membranes can give rise to viral envelope
neoplasia
what process may occur in the oncogene is expressed in the infected cell
HIV is integrated permanently into the host cells DNA
HIV different from lambda-phage prophage
laboratory procedure is used for culturing animal viruses in the lab
both cell cultures and embryonated eggs
most likely to be involved in causing cancer by this mechanism
Retroviruses
metastasis
tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called
determine the density of phage in a culture
plaque assays are used for
both longevity and source cells
diploid cell cultures & continuous cell cultures differ in
plants
viroids infect
because they lack nucleic acid
prions different from all other known infectious agents
viroids
viruses of fungi have RNA genomes and lack a capsid they are therefore similar to
enveloped viruses
lipid membrane is present in
they only grow in normal human cells
some human viruses are difficult to study because
only in viruses
dbl stranded RNA genomes can be found
possession of a genome that directs synthesis of materials necessary for replication
a feature shared by viruses and living organisms
viroids
sm circular RNA molecules without capsids are characteristics of
lysogenic infection
virruses are shed slowly and steadily during
viruses remain dormant in animal cells
during latency
a lytic infections
virus replication results in the death of the cell in
is a mass of neoplastic cells
tumor
is a mechanism of release for enveloped viruses
budding
capsomeres
viral capsids are composed of subunits called
affinity
virus infection is initiated by the specific
cells which are descended from neoplastic cells
continuous
temperate
another term for a lysogenic phage is a
viral capsids are removed within the infected cell
uncoating
neoplasia
uncontrolled cell division in animals
transcriptase
RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of reverse
proteins are required for the assembly of the envelope around the capsid
matrix
protooncogenes
genes in proper cell division and may play a role in cancer are called
is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed
plaque
represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses
three orders
PrP
prionsa re composed of a single protein called
naked virion
an animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as
