increased susceptibility to disease.
no bacterial growth because washing removes their food source.
body odor.
normal microbiota returning immediately.
fewer diseases.
are present for a relatively short time.
are found in a certain location on the host.
cause diseases.
never cause disease.
are always acquired by direct contact.
parasitic bacteria
the transient microbiota
the normal microbiota
other fungi
microorganisms can be cultured.
microorganisms are present in a diseased animal.
diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
microorganisms cause disease.
microorganisms are the result of disease.
local infections.
septicemia.
systemic infections.
bacteremia.
sepsis.
AIDS
malaria
tetanus
typhoid fever
tuberculosis
are specific for a particular disease.
are changes felt by the patient.
are changes observed by the physician.
always occur as part of a syndrome.
None of the answers is correct.
subacute.
zoonotic.
latent.
acute.
subclinical.
climate
genetic background
occupation
None of the answers are correct; all of these are predisposing factors of disease.
lifestyle
salmonellosis
anthrax
tetanus
pneumonia
urinary tract infections
prodromal
decline
convalescence
incubation
incubation and convalescence
diphtheria
measles
botulism
the common cold
tuberculosis
requires an arthropod.
involves specific diseases.
requires direct contact.
works only with noncommunicable diseases.
involves fomites.
a hospital
a healthy person
a sick animal
a sick person
None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.
insects
water
pus
a hypodermic needle
droplets from a sneeze
Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis?
cat-scratch disease
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
tapeworm
rabies
None of the answers is correct; all of these are zoonoses.
11%
40%
8%
20%
15%
What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
Cutaneous
Bacteremia
Surgical
Lower respiratory
Urinary tract
Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.
Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient.
Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient.
Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.
Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient.
These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes.
These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.
Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient
Reduce the number of times they visit a patient
Practice more stringent aseptic techniques
Administer all medications orally instead of through injections
should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.
is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings.
is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker
They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible.
They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.
They should only operate on healthy individuals.
They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients.
they should immediately wash their hands.
they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.
they should leave the healthcare facility immediately.
Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
Reusable
Single-use
Inexpensive
Washable
Long
Hand washing should be done frequently by patients.
Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.
Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers.
Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction.
droplet transmission
direct contact transmission
vehicle transmission
indirect contact transmission
contact transmission
vehicle transmission
vector transmission
There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.
direct contact transmission
vehicle transmission
indirect contact transmission
vector transmission
They may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
The patient was infected before hospitalization.
They may be caused by normal microbiota.
They may be caused by opportunists.
They occur in compromised patients.
Antibiotic resistance
Climatic changes
New strains of previously known agents
Ease of travel
The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these
the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances.
the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time.
the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.
the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time.
The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.
The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region.
Only a few cases are occurring in this region.
The disease has spread to North America from Europe.
Four
Two
Six
Five
April of year four
January of year three
January of year four
September of year three
March of year two
sporadic.
endemic.
pandemic.
epidemic.
how a disease is transmitted.
when a disease occurs.
where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.
where a disease occurs.
To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.
To learn which organisms cause disease.
To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens.
To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.
Contaminated water
A tick
An infected toy
A fly
Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual
Water containing bacteria from fecal matter
Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing
A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food
vector transmission.
contact transmission.
airborne transmission.
waterborne transmission.
Vehicle transmission
Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission
Contact transmission
Vector transmission
The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner
The bite of a mosquito containing malaria
Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface
The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact
West Nile virus causes an infection and death in birds such as crows and blue jays.
West Nile virus causes a latent viral infection that can emerge later in life.
West Nile virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 and has caused significant outbreaks every year since then.
West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.
An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission.
Select all that apply.
Select all that apply.
An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus.
An arbovirus is a virus isolated in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission.
An arbovirus is a virus that originated from plants.
The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are large animals. It would be difficult to isolate West Nile virus from mosquitoes because they are small.
The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they had access to dead birds that were known to be infected with West Nile virus.
The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.
The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because it is faster to isolate the virus from a bird than to isolate it from a mosquito.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the meninges. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It is a concern to health care professionals because of how quickly the infection will spread to the rest of the body.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a concern to health care professionals because the infection will spread to the brain.
Kill all mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.
Kill all birds to prevent the amplification and transmission of West Nile virus.
Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.
Limit exposure to birds to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.
West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America.
West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.
Select all that apply.
West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes.
West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America.
West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods.
West Nile virus has a positive, single-stranded RNA genome that is 11,000 to 12,000 nucleotides long.
Infectious Disease – Disease directly caused by a microorganism and not by other means, for example, genetic or degenerative disease.
Germ Theory of Disease – This theory states that microorganisms cause infectious disease.
Koch’s Postulate – Experimental requirements for identifying the agent of an infectious disease.
In this activity students will match key terms related to etiology and infectious disease with its description.
Based on the information contained in the introduction, match each of the following concepts with its best description.
Healthy laboratory animal – Organism injected with potential infectious agent.
Microscope – Tool used to view and identify individual microorganisms.
Growth media – Nutrient-rich environment for isolating and culturing microorganisms.
In this activity students will view Foundation Figure 14.3 and determine the purpose of key aspects of this experiment: diseased or dead animal, healthy laboratory animal, microscope, and growth media.
Robert Koch performed experiments to determine the specific microorganisms associated with specific diseases.
Based on the figure, match each component in the experiment with its purpose in this experiment.
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
Student will identify Koch’s postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases.
Which of statements best describe Koch’s postulates?
Select all that apply.
The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
The microscopic properties of pathogens isolated from the original (diseased) and inoculated (also, diseased) animals should differ significantly.
Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy.
Students will be presented with experimental results obtained when testing a suspected pathogen, and will identify appropriate conclusions based on each scenario.
A rabbit was found to have Floppy Ear disease that causes long-ear infections, but its etiology (cause) is unknown. Unknown Microorganism X from the infected rabbit’s right ear was successfully isolated and cultured on laboratory growth media. The ear of a healthy laboratory mouse was then inoculated with isolated microorganism, and after a period of time, no disease is observed. Which of the following statements BEST describe the conclusion(s) that can be drawn from this experiment?
Select all that apply.
Microorganism X modified its cell wall structure while being cultured, and is no longer infectious to rabbits.
It is not possible to isolate and culture Microorganism X in the laboratory, since this microbe is found in nature.
A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed.
Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy.
Microorganism X is the etiologic agent for Floppy Ear disease since it caused infection in the diseased rabbit.
Healthy laboratory organisms rarely show signs and symptoms of infection and disease.
-Healthy susceptible animals can be used as model organisms when testing many types of infections, thus avoiding the unethical inoculation of healthy human hosts.
-Laboratory findings provide experimental evidence that support the germ theory of disease
Limitation – Some infectious agents have specific growth requirements that prevent it from being artificially cultured in the laboratory.
-Different pathogens can produce the same signs and symptoms, making it difficult to determine which microorganism is causing a disease.
-Some pathogens cause several different diseases, which make it difficult to link on pathogen to one disease using Koch’s postulate.
Students will sort statements that describe the benefits and limitations of using Koch’s postulates to determine the etiology of infectious diseases.
Sort the following statements based on whether it describes a benefit or limitation of Koch’s postulates.
The term infection is synonymous with the term disease.
Microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota of an individual never cause disease.
Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.
The majority of microorganisms are pathogenic.
Wash my hands before interacting with any patient.
Wear shoe covers.
Wear a lab coat.
Shave my head.
During the incubation period, the infected individual exhibits obvious signs of sickness.
The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state).
The prodromal period is characterized by very severe symptoms.
The period of decline is the time when the infected individual’s health rapidly deteriorates.
To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.
To learn which organisms cause disease.
To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens.
To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.