light reactions
What is the stage 1 of photosynthesis in which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH?
Calvin Cycle
What is the stage 2 of photosynthesis in which CO2 is fixed into an organic compound?
chloroplast
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
chlorophyll
What is the pigment of photosynthesis?
red blue purple
What colors of the spectrum does this pigment absorb?
green and yellow
What colors of the spectrum does it reflect?
Oxygen and hydrogen proton
What are the substances produced when water molecules are broken down during the light reactions?
Inside the chloroplast there are stacks of interconnected membrane sacs called thylakoids. The thylakoids occur in stacks called grana
Distinguish between thylakoid and grana
Autotrophs produce compounds during photosynthesis that they can later break down to form ATP. Heterotrophs must consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain the compounds that can be broken down to form ATP. ATP is needed by all cells to perform life processes.
Explain why both autotrophs and heterotrophs depend on photosynthesis to obtain the energy they need for life processes.
Chlorophylls are pigments that absorb light energy during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll b assists chlorophyll a in capturing light energy. Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll a travel along 2 electron transport chains. The energy of these excited electrons is then used to form ATP and NADPH
Describe the role of chlorophyll in the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis.
ATP is produced. occurs at the ATP synthase molecule in the thylakoid membrane. The production of ATP occurs because a concentration buildup of H+ occurs across the thylakoid membrane.
What product is produce from chemiosmosis? Where does chemiosmosis occur? What causes this process to occur?
Unlike pigments in clothing which simply absorb and reflect light, photosynthetic pigments are closely associated with membranes and enzymes that facilitate their functioning in harnessing light energy.
Thinking about the main role of pigments, explain how the pigments in colored objects such as clothes differs from plant pigments.
The original electron donor is water.
The molecule that precedes the electron transport chains of both photosystem II and photosystem I is an electron acceptor. What is the original molecule that is the electron donor for both these systems?
Without a concentration gradient, there would be no tendency for protons to move from the thylakoid into the stroma. As a result, ATP would not be synthesized by ATP synthase
Explain how the light reactions would be affected if there were no concentration gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane.
C
Which of the following statements is correct?
Accessory pigments are not involved in photosynthesis
Accessory pigments add color to plants but do not absorb light energy
Accessory pigments absorb colors of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb
Accessory pigment receive electrons from the electron transport chain of photosystem I
Accessory pigments are not involved in photosynthesis
Accessory pigments add color to plants but do not absorb light energy
Accessory pigments absorb colors of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb
Accessory pigment receive electrons from the electron transport chain of photosystem I
When water is split
Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis?
carbon fixation
What is the incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds called?
stomata
What are openings in the underside of a leaf that allow air to enter?
stroma
Name the part of the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place.
Most of the 3 carbon G3P is used to make more RuBP, keeping the Calvin cycle operating. Some G3P is converted into other organic compounds including amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Describe what can happen to the three-carbon molecules made in the Calvin Cycle.
In C3 plants, CO2 continually enters the Calvin cycle and a three carbon compound is made. A C4 plant fixes CO2 into four carbon organic compounds in certain cells. After these compounds are transported to the other cells, they release CO2, which then enters the Calvin cycle. CAM plants fix CO2 at night.
Distinguish between C3, C4, and CAM plants.
The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH which are needed by the Calvin cycle. The Clavin Cycle produces ADP and NADP+ and phosphates that are used in the light reactions
Explain why the light reactions, and the Calvin Cycle are dependent on each other.
If all available electrons in chlorophyll are excited, increasing light intensity will have no effect on photosynthesis
Explain why and increased light intensity might not result in an increased rate of photosynthesis?
The Calvin cycle would stop.
What would happen to photosynthesis if all of the three-carbon sugars produced in the Calvin Cycle were used to produce organic compounds?
Many dry regions would be devoid of plant life, since C3 plants would not be able to survive there.
Explain how the world would be different if C4 and CAM plants had not evolved.
It would stimulate the rate of photosynthesis until that rate level off.
How would an increase in the CO2 levels affect photosynthesis?
B
Which of the following is a reactant in the Calvin Cycle?
O2
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6
O2
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6
G3P
Light reaction is to ATP as Calvin Cycle is to what?
Calvin Cycle
Stage of photosynthesis; organic compounds are formed
chlorophylls
most important pigments of photosynthesis
stroma
solution surrounding grana
e transport chain
series of molecules in thylakoid membranes that electrons are passed along
thylakoids
system of membranes inside chloroplast
C4 pathway
alternative pathway where CO2 is fixed into a four carbon compound
photosystem
cluster of pigment molecules and protein pigments are embedded in
CAM pathway
water conservation pathway used by some plants to fix carbon
autotrophs
self-feeders; producers
chemiosmosis
process that synthesizes ATP
pigment
compounds that absorb light
light reactions
stage of photosynthesis; light energy converted into chemical energy; stored in ATP and NADPH
carbon fixation
incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds
carotenoids
accessory pigments; yellow, orange and brown
chloroplast
organelle of photosynthesis
stomata
small pores on underside of leaf
heterotrophs
other feeders; consumers
primary e acceptor
acceptor of e lost from chlorophyll a
grana
stack of thylakoids
photosynthesis
process of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds
D
Energy is required for a variety of life processes including…
A. growth and reproduction
B. movement
C. transport of certain materials across cell membranes
D. all of the above
A. growth and reproduction
B. movement
C. transport of certain materials across cell membranes
D. all of the above
consume other organisms for energy
Heterotrophs are organisms that what?
photosynthesis
The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as what?
either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten them provide energy for all other organisms on earth.
The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on earth. Why?
biochemical pathway
The energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds in a series of linked chemical reactions called a what?
absorb light energy
The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is to what?
it reflects green wavelengths of light
Why is chlorophyll green?
water
What is the source o oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
oxygen
What is the major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis?
Calvin cycle
During photosynthesis, what is the series of reactions that create complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth?
the bodies of heterotrophs
All organic molecules contain carbon atoms that ultimately can be traced back in the food chain to where?
autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food are called?
heterotrophs
Organisms that eat other things to get energy are called?
oxygen
In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of what?
pigments
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called what?
B
Which of the following is false?
A chloroplast contains a stroma
A stroma contains a thylakoid
A granum contains several thylakoids
A thylakoid contains chlorophyll
A chloroplast contains a stroma
A stroma contains a thylakoid
A granum contains several thylakoids
A thylakoid contains chlorophyll
Pigments in photosystem II absorb light
What step is in the beginning of photosynthesis?
light independent reactions
The Calvin cycle is another name for what?
no sugars will be produced
If carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s production of high-energy sugars?
water
temperature
light intensity
temperature
light intensity
What 3 things affect the rate of photosynthesis?
thylakoid
Where in the chloroplast does stage 1 occur?
electrons pump ions
How do the electrons function in creating a concentration gradient of H+?
NADPH
What is the enzyme (protein) that is directly involved in the production of ATP?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration
Plants and animals exchange materials through the process of photosynthesis and respiration. How are the 2 processes similar?
D
Each of the following is true of photosynthetic membrane except that it…
A. is the site of chlorophyll molecules
B. releases “excited” molecules
C. contains photosystems I and II
D. is the site of light-independent reactions
A. is the site of chlorophyll molecules
B. releases “excited” molecules
C. contains photosystems I and II
D. is the site of light-independent reactions
heterotroph
Oak tree is to autotroph as human is to ….
sugar
Light-dependent reactions is to oxygen as Calvin Cycle is to
ATP and NADPH
What is one of the main energy-storage compounds used by cells?
sugars
Which of the following is NOT produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
light
water + carbon dioxide —> sugars+oxygen
water + carbon dioxide —> sugars+oxygen
What is an equation that best summarizes the process of photosynthesis?
green
What is the color of light that is least useful to a plant during photosynthesis?
absorption of light energy
What is the first step in photosynthesis?
C
In a typical plant, all of the following factors are necessary except what?
A.Chlorophyll
B. Light
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
E. Water
A.Chlorophyll
B. Light
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
E. Water
blue-green
What pigment traveled the shortest distance? (on a page in one of the reviews, oh well)
use light energy to make carbohydrates
What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
chloroplast
What organelle in the plant makes food?
NADPH
What substance from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
Calvin cycle
The light independent reaction s of photosynthesis are also known as what?
chemical energy
During photosynthesis, light energy absorbed by the plant is converted into what?
CO2
What is one of the principle compounds that living things use to store energy in?
reflects green light
The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll does what?
sugars and oxygen
What are the products of photosynthesis?
light absorption
What is the first process int he light independent reactions of photosynthesis?
aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 —> 6CO2 +12H2O + 36 ATP represents the process of what?
ATP NADPH
What are the two energy carriers in photosynthesis?
