periods
What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?
groups or families
What are the vertical columns of the periodic table called?
they have similar physical and chemical properties
How are elements of a group related?
alkali metals
What are group 1A elements called?
alkaline earth metals
What are group 2A elements called?
halogens
What are group 7A elements called?
noble gases
What are group 8A elements called?
they are identical
How are the outermost principal energy level electron configurations of elements in a group related?
valence electrons
What are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom called?
representative or main group elements
What are the elements in groups 1A to 7A called?
an incompletely filled set of s or p orbitals
What are representative elements characterized as having?
completely filled ns and np orbital subshells
(except for helium)
(except for helium)
What are the noble gases characterized as having?
ns1
What is the valence electron configuration of group 1A elements?
ns2
What is the valence electron configuration of group 2A elements?
ns2 np1
What is the valence electron configuration of group 3A elements?
ns2 np2
What is the valence electron configuration of group 4A elements?
ns2 np3
What is the valence electron configuration of group 5A elements?
ns2 np4
What is the valence electron configuration of group 6A elements?
ns2 np5
What is the valence electron configuration of group 7A elements?
ns2 np6
What is the valence electron configuration of group 8A elements?
transition metals
What are the elements in the center of the periodic table called?
incompletely filled d subshells
What are transition metals characterized as having?
inner transition metals
What are the two rows of elements located under the main periodic table called?
lanthanides
What is the first row of inner transition metals called?
actinides
What is the second row of inner transition metals called?
anions
What are positively charged ions called?
cations
What are negatively charged ions called?
ns2 np6
What is the noble gas electron configuration of ions of representative elements?
isoelectronic
What are atoms and ions that have the same number of electrons called?
lose electrons until a noble gas core is achieved
What do metal representative elements do to form a noble gas core ion?
gain electrons until a noble gas core is achieved
What do nonmetal representative elements do to form noble gas core ions?
the electrons lost are those of the highest principal energy level, so the ns subshell is lost
Why don’t transition metals usually achieve a noble gas core configuration for their cations?
the atomic radii decrease
As the atomic number increases in a period, what happens to the atomic radii of elements?
the atomic radii increase
As the atomic number increases in a group, what happens to the atomic radii of elements?
elements on diagonals have similar atomic radii
What other atomic radii trend do we see in the periodic table
the atomic radius of a cation is smaller than that of its neutral atom
How does the atomic radius of a cation compare to its neutral atomic radius?
the atomic radius of an anion is larger than that of its neutral atom
How does the atomic radius of an anion compare to its neutral atomic radius?
The radii decrease steadily as the atomic number increases
What trend do we see in the atomic radii of atoms in an isoelectronic series?
