LESSON 14: ETHICS OF CONSERVING DEPLETABLE RESOURCES Today we will discuss the ethics of conserving depletable resources. Points to be covered in this lesson: • It might appear that we have an obligation to conserve resources for future generations because they have an equal right to the limited resources of this planet. • • Conservation of resources Economic growth vs conservation • • • Future generations have an equal right to the planet’s limited resources By depleting these resources we are depriving them of what is rightfully theirs So we ought to do our utmost to practice conservation • To minimize depletion To avoid violating the rights of future generations However, some of the writers claimed that it is a mistake to think that future generations have rights and there are three main reasons for that: 1. Future generation do not exist right now and may never exist. Since there is a possibility that future generation may never exist, they cannot “possess” rights. 2. If future generations did have rights, then we might be led to the absurd conclusion that we must sacrifice our entire civilization for their sake. 3.
We can only say that someone has a certain right only if we know that he or she has a certain interest, which that right protects. The purpose of a right, after all, is to protect the interests of the right-holder, but we are virtually ignorant of what interests future generation will have. Justice to Future Generations • John Rawls that while it is unjust to impose disproportionately heavy burdens on present generations for the sake of future generations, it is also unjust for present generations to leave nothing for future generations. What do you mean by the word Conservation?
Conservation refers to the saving or rationing of resources for future use. A basic difference between pollution and resource depletion Pollution • • Most form of pollution affects present generations (with the notable exception of nuclear waste) Polluted resources are for the most part renewable • • • • Air and water can be renewed by ceasing to pollute them And allowing them time to recover Resource Depletion Resource depletion affects future generations Concerned with finite nonrenewable resources • Since they cannot be renewed • Two unjust extremes • • To impose disproportionately heavy conservation burdens on the present generation (unfair to us) To leave virtually nothing for future generations (unfair to them) What will be around for future generations is just what’s left over from the present Resource depletion forces two main kinds of questions on us: 1. Why ought we to conserve resources for future generations, and 2. How much should we conserve? Rights of Future Generations Justice requires that we hand over to the next generation a situation no worse than the one we received from our ancestors. This point is seconded by considerations of care • We have a fairly direct relationship of care and concern towards the immediately following generation, and, less and less towards more and more distant future generations. Ethics of acre imply that we should attempt to see matters from the perspective of the immediately succeeding generations which suggests that we should “at least leave the succeeding generation a world that is not worse than the one we received” 43 • 11. 292 •
Utilitarian Analysis also favors this theory: Each generation has a duty to maximize the future beneficial consequences of its actions and to minimize their future injurious consequences for succeeding generations, as well as themselves. However, utilitarians have claimed, these future consequences should be “discounted” in proportion to their uncertainty and to their distance in the future. Unfortunately, we cannot rely on market mechanisms to ensure that scarce resources are conserved for future generations. The market registers only the effective demands of present participants and the actual supplies presently being made available.
William Shepherd and Clair Wilcox explained six reasons for the heavy discounting or “live for today” character of markets endangered species; that we should take steps to ensure that the rate of consumption of fossil fuels and of minerals does not continue to rise; that we should cut down our consumption and production of those goods that depend on nonrenewable resources; that we should recycle nonrenewable resources; that we should search for substitutes for materials that we are too rapidly depleting. Economic Growth? However, to many observers conservation measures fall far short of what is needed.
Several writers have argued that if we are to preserve enough scarce resources so that future genera- tions can maintain their quality of life at a satisfactory level, we shall have to change our economies substantially, particu-larly by scaling down our pursuit of economic growth Others argue that economic systems will have to abandon their goal of steadily increasing pro-duction, and put in its place the goal of decreasing production until it has been scaled down to “a steady state”- that is, a point at which “the total popula-tion and the total stock of physical wealth are maintained constant at some desired levels by a ‘minimal’ rate of maintenance throughout (that is, by birth and- death rates that are equal at the lowest feasible level, and by physical pro-duction and consumption rates that are equal at the lowest feasible level). ”The conclusion that economic growth must be abandoned if society is to be able to deal with the problems of diminishing resources has been chal-lenged. It is at least arguable that adherence to continual economic ‘growth promises to degrade the quality of life of future generations. The arguments for this claim are simple, stark, and highly controversial.
If the world’s economies continue to pursue the goal of economic growth the demand for depletable resources will continue to rise. But since world resources are finite, at some point supplies will simply run out. We can expect a collapse of the major economic institutions (that is, of manufacturing and financial institutions, communication networks, the service industries) which in turn will bring down the political and social institutions (that is, centralized govern- ments, education and cultural programs, scientific and technological development, health care). Living standards will then decline precipitously in the wake of widespread star-vation and political dislocations.
Various scenarios for this sequence of events have been constructed, all of them more or less specula- tive and necessarily based on uncertain assumptions. Multiple access: If a resource can be used by several different extractors, then the shared access will inevitably lead the resource to be depleted too fast • For example: several people with straws in the same milkshake, it will be in the private interest of each to suck faster to get the most for themselves Time preferences and myopia: Firms generally have short time horizons • • Under the stresses of competition Apt to give insufficient weight to the demands of future generations Inadequate forecasting: Present users may simply fail to foresee future •
Consequences for example: DDT spraying in the 50s no one foresaw that it would build up in the environment with harmful effects Short run tax breaks and other incentives Encourage overly rapid use of resources Resource depletion like pollution, an external cost, not borne directly by the firm . So it’s in the economic self interest of the firm to ignore this cost Special influences: • • • External effects: Distribution: private market decisions are based on existing patterns of wealth and income distribution • • Resource users, in effect, vote with their dollars about what to produce in what amounts so the richer the individual the more say they have in what the market produces Future generations — having as yet no wealth or income — have as yet no “vote” •
Doomsday Scenario • If the present situation continues • Explosive population growth will happen because of The only means of conserving for the future, then, appears to be voluntary policies of conservation. Rawl’s view implies that while we should not sacrifice the cultural advances we have made, we should adopt voluntary or legal measures to conserve those resources and environmental benefits that we can reasonably assume our immediate posterity will need if they are to live lives with a variety of available choices comparable, at least, to ours. This means that we should preserve wild life and • • • • • Declining death rates Relatively stable birth rates World’s economies continue to expand
Causing depletable resources to run out: deplete to point they’re insufficient to sustain further growth World’s growth-based economies (virtually all of them) collapse • Collapse of major economic institutions • Financial 11. 292 44 • • • • Manufacturing Communication Service • • • Net flow of energy out of these low-consuming populations’ regions for the sake of our highconsuming lifestyle Americans use much of this energy for non- essential products and services Low-consuming populations: most consumption goes for essential products and services Collapse of political and social institutions • Governments • • • • • • • • Educational institutions Health-care systems Scientific & cultural institutions & pursuits Overview Precipitous decline in living standards Anarchy and political disorder Somalialization of the world • •
Conservation refers to the saving or rationing of resources for future use. Finite resources pose a challenge to future economic growth. Something like the end the anti-growth argument urges us to pursue will be achieved the hard way Population levels will be drastically and rapidly reduced by skyrocketing death rates Activity Whether a high-consumption nation is morally justified in continuing to appropriate for its own use the nonrenewable energy resources of low-consumption nations that are too weak economically to use these resources, or too weak militarily to protect them. Think about this. Ask your faculty to divide the class in two groups and start discussing this point. • • •
Already life-expectancies in Africa have precipitously declined due to AIDs Just a bump in the road of progress or a sign of things to come Resource use will be drastically and rapidly reduced by economic collapse • • • If not the end of civilization forever At least the dawn of another dark age Criticism of the Doomsday Scenario: According to experts the estimation of this scenario is based on wrong assumptions • About future population growth • • • About productivity rates About our inability to find substitutes for depleted resource About the ineffectiveness of recycling Is Americanization of the World a Sustainable Vision for the Future? Think about this question and discuss it within groups. • Example of energy use • U. S. A. • • • • • • • • • • 11. 292 Has 5% of the world’s population Currently account for 35% of world’s energy resource consumption 50% of the world’s population Currently account for 8% of the world’s energy resource consumption Least developed nations Per-capita comparisons: each U. S. resident consumes 15 times more energy than each South American 24 times more energy than each Asian 31 times more energy than each African U. S. produces only a portion of the energy it consumes 45 Exploitation issue: Are we using up their resources For useful Documents like this and Lots of more Educational and Technological Stuff… Visit… www. thecodexpert. com
