Consider Job Design And Pay Which Affects Motivation Accounting Essay

Motivational jobs at all degrees of employment have received considerable attending in the survey of persons within organizational hierarchies. Gallagher and Einhorn ( 1976:358 ) note that these jobs are progressively evident at bluish collar degree, where established and maximized undertaking specialization – in an effort to achieve efficiency through repetitive programmed occupations – has led to high degrees of occupation dissatisfaction and a deficiency of motive even after execution of typical inducements – notably the degree of wage.

This apparently self-contradictory result has led many to oppugn if wage is the overarching factor of motive or if occupation satisfaction, stemming from occupation design is more of import. In this essay I shall research which has the greater affect on employee motive. It is of import to observe that at some points accent is placed on external and extrinsic wagess, the reader must see wage as a major constituent of these.

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Make both Job-design and Pay motivate?

If McGregori??s ( 1960 ) theory X / theory Y analysis of employees is investigated, theory Y assumes the agents are willing to accept higher degrees of duty and are of course motivated. This suggests that the design of occupations, or the i??work re-design processi?? as termed by Hackman and Oldham ( 1979:250 ) , could take to increased motive if employeesi?? internal thrust can be supported and nurtured.

Numerous surveies show the huge bulk of employees are motivated by wage, although each to a different grade. One peculiar study of 1200 indiscriminately selected U.S. employees by WorldatWork and Sibson & A ; Company ( 2000 ) showed 54 % of employees rated direct fiscal wagess as i??very importanti?? or i??extremely importanti?? to motive. Another surveyed 1500 productiveness professionals with the result that fiscal wages systems had a i??positivei?? or i??very positivei?? impact on public presentation in 66 % to 89 % of the companies in which they were implemented ( American Productivity Center, 1987 ) .

Hence, both job-design and wage have to ability to actuate. Which motivates more shall now be explored farther.

Which motivates more?

Job design can be defined as the i??specification of the contents, methods, and relationship of occupations in order to fulfill technological and organizational demands every bit good as the societal and personal demands of the occupation holderi?? ( Rush, 1971:5 ) ; and has become progressively more outstanding as a ploy in trying to better both productiveness and the work experience of employees in modern administrations ( Hackman and Oldham, 1976:250 ) .

To understand how, and to what extent occupation design affects motivation consideration is needed of peculiar facets of occupation design.

Through the 19th and early twentieth centuries design by occupation specialization was the cosmopolitan way taken by work direction theory. It focussed on i??technological and organisationali?? demands of employment ( Gallagher & A ; Einhorn, 1976:359 ) .

Job specialization nevertheless has been accused of ignoring societal and internal demands of the workers ( see Herzberg, 1968 ; Rush, 1971 ; Gallagher & A ; Einhorn 1976 ) these demands were found to be cardinal factors in motive and public presentation ( see Mayoi??s Hawthorne Studies, 1949 )

Two classs of occupation design have developed. Job rotary motion involves an employee being moved through, and educated in legion sections that are similar or linked to a nucleus occupation. This is an effort to give the employee a broader cognition base and apprehension of his/her place in the administration ( Rush, 1971:13 ) .

Strongly related to rotary motion ; occupation enlargement expands workersi?? undertakings to include outlying 1s that would originally hold been implemented by other sections.

Both occupation expansion and occupation rotary motion effort to actuate by increasing occupation involvement through more varied undertakings, that allow development of those i??assumptionsi?? made in McGregori??s ( 1960 ) theory Y preparation i?? in peculiar inculcation increased duty in an effort to actuate employees. The intended consequence is to augment worker motive by integrating intrinsic inducements as the occupation is soon more varied and interesting ( Rush, 1971:13 ) .

However these efforts at integrating intrinsic inducements into occupation design – termed as i??horizontal loadingi?? ( Herzberg, 1968:59 ) – have been to a great extent criticised. Hertzberg remarks that i??horizontal occupation burden has been the job of earlier occupation enlargement programsi?? . He continues, saying that i??Adding another meaningless undertaking to the bing one, normally some everyday clerical activity. The arithmetic here is adding nothing to zero.i??

In a contrasting position Oldham and Hackman ( 1981:69 ) remark i??that the greater the substantial complexness of occupations, the more employees tended to be self i?? confident, receptive to alter, committed to their businesss, and comparatively free of feelings of impotence, normlessness, and self-estrangement ( Kohn & A ; Schooler, 1973, 1978 ; Kohn, 1976 ; Miller et al. , 1979 ) i?? and hence more motivated.

Schoderbek and Rief ( 1969:8 ) keep a similar position to my ain i?? an accent on assortment in work leads merely to the add-on of similar responsibilities to a cardinal undertaking. This i??job extensioni?? is merely a plan that instils increased weariness and ennui in employment.

It is by and large accepted that this initial type of occupation design does small to actuate employees. The 2nd type of occupation design is termed occupation enrichment i?? here the employee assumes a more critical function. Planning and aspect rating is undertaken by the employee him/herself, frequently assortment of undertaking is besides increased. However the chief motive is that the worker additions more control, and hence increased duty ( Rush, 1971:13 ) .

As occupation enrichment is soon believed to be the most effectual signifier of occupation design ( see Herzberg, 1968 ; Rush, 1971 ; Gallagher & A ; Einhorn, 1976 ; Oldham & A ; Hackman, 1981 ) motive theory will be used to research if occupation design through occupation enrichment, or the degree of wage, has a more profound consequence on motive.

Maslowi??s hierarchy

Maslowi??s hierarchy ( 1954 ) explains how motive is finally linked with efforts to fulfill and achieve cardinal demands. The lowest degree of his motivational hierarchy is physiological demands – as these demands are fulfilled the demands on the motivational tableland above become desired. The higher degree demands require increased motive to achieve, while being possible factors for farther motive.

The higher degree demands, regard and self-actualisation, are those that are influenced by occupation design. Basic needs along with the regard facet of the esteem phase are satisfied by external factors, outside the individual through interaction with others and attainment of physical and psychological demands, and mercenary wants.

The tableland above these require an i??internal reaction to eventsi?? – assurance, regard, the pleasance gleaned from successes, credence of duty and exercising of personal accomplishments ( Gallagher & A ; Einhorn, 1976:363 ) . These are the same needs McGregori??s ( 1960 ) theory Y preparation assumes agents have, and those i??intrinsic rewardsi?? that Rush ( 1971:13 ) describes as the intended consequence of occupation design. Therefore if the fulfillment of these demands can be incorporated into occupation enrichment plans they would instil higher degrees of motive in employees.

Maslowi??s hierarchy can besides be used to portray how, and to what extent wage motivates. Herzberg ( 1969:57 ) remarks that basic biological demands i?? the physiological demands in Maslowi??s hierarchy i?? are i??learned thrusts which become conditionedi?? . Herzberg identifies nutrient as a basic biological thrust that makes it necessary to gain money. Therefore money becomes conditioned as a specific thrust, a thrust to obtain nutrient ( one of the demands in the lowest tableland in Maslowi??s hierarchy. )

The superior demands in the hierarchy require motivational degrees from the agent to be elevated above the degree that is required to achieve demands on lower tableland. Therefore, through Maslowi??s theory, the i??intrinsic rewardsi?? ( Rush, 1971 ; 13 ) that can be incorporated in occupation design motivate more efficaciously than external and fiscal wagess.

Herzberg i??Motivation-Hygiene Theoryi??

This theory i??first drawn from an scrutiny of events in the lives of applied scientists and accountantsi?? ( Herzberg, 1968:56 ) reinforces that differing degrees of motive root from i??intrinsic rewardsi?? and i??extrinsic rewardsi?? ( Rush, 1971 ) including wage.

Hygiene factors Motivation

Company policy and disposal Accomplishment

Supervision Recognition

Relationship with supervisor Work itself

Work conditions Responsibility

Salary Promotion

Relationship with equals Growth

Personal life

Relationship with subsidiaries

Status

Security

With the i??Motivation-Hygiene Theoryi?? Herzberg attempts to demo that i??the factors involved in bring forthing occupation satisfaction ( and motive ) are separate and distinguishable from the factors that lead to occupation dissatisfaction.i?? ( Herzberg, 1968:57 ) The positive relation between the degree of occupation satisfaction and motive must be noted.

The elements that lead to dissatisfaction are those termed i??Hygiene factorsi?? , these factors are i??extrinsic rewardsi?? ; 1s that lay below the elevated degrees of Maslowi??s hierarchy. Herzbergi??s ( 1968:55 ) i??Hygiene factorsi?? originate from his i??positive KITA forces practicesi?? one of which is i??spiralling rewards and periphery benefitsi?? i?? fiscal wagess. He acknowledges that wage has motivated people i??to seek the following pay increasei?? but concludes that employees work less for higher degrees of wage and occupation security.

These KITA patterns merely consequences in short term motion ( Herzberg, 1968:56 ) . Basically they motivate for a clip but one time acknowledged, are so the norm i?? extremely apparent in wage rises. I believe this eventual cardinal credence serves non merely to return motive back to post-implementation degree but to farther lessening the degree of i??short term movementi?? subsequent wage rises or fiscal benefits may do.

Maslowi??s Hierarchy and Herzbergi??s i??Motivation-Hygiene Theoryi?? are both i??need and motivationi?? theories. Therefore, both suggest that i??intrinsic rewardsi?? such as assurance, regard, the pleasance from successes, credence of duty and exercising of personal accomplishments ( Gallagher & A ; Einhorn, 1976:363 ) seem to be more powerful in transfusing motive than external or i??extrinsic rewardsi?? i?? the hygiene factors including wage.

A more sophisticated position of the effects on i??intrinsici?? and i??extrinsici?? wagess in their function of motive is explained in the Cognitive Evaluation Theory ( Deci, 1975 ; Deci & A ; Ryan, 1980 ) . Deci ( 1971:106 ) found that verbal congratulations enforced intrinsic motive, but extrinsic wagess undermined it.

Gagni?? and Deci ( 2005:332 ) – with mentions to other surveies – explain that the Cognitive rating theory suggests i??tangible extrinsic wagess, deadlines ( Amabile, Dejong & A ; Lepper, 1976 ) , surveillance ( Lepper & A ; Greene, 1975 ) , and ratings ( Smith 1975 ) tend to decrease feelings of liberty, motivate a alteration in sensed venue of causality ( PLOC ) from internal to external ( deCharms, 1968 ; Heider, 1985 ) and undermine intrinsic motivation.i??

I believe this suggests that wage, along with other extrinsic wagess i?? Herzberg i??hygiene factorsi?? i?? non merely have a lesser affect on motive, but when over relied upon can cut down the degrees of motive inspired by intrinsic wagess.

Deci ( 1972:57 ) remarks alongside the Cognitive rating theory, that salary and menaces control employees since they become the motivation for public presentation, whereas intrinsic wagess such as verbal feedback service to rise degrees of ego regard, assurance and achievement i?? demands in the elevated degrees of Maslowi??s hierarchy.

Deci concludes i?? like Maslow and Herzberg i?? that intrinsic wagess are: First more effectual since they require no external input for their motivational continuation ; and secondly they fulfil high degree demands therefore protracting feelings of accomplishment, assurance and regard.

Since it is clear that occupation design i?? occupation enrichment with a strong accent on intrinsic wagess i?? can move as a incentive, the rules used to integrate these into occupation design shall now be explored.

Herzberg ( 1968:59 ) footings these rules as i??vertical occupation loadingi?? , a distinguishable contrast with the aforesaid i??horizontal occupation loadingi?? that are the techniques used in the less effectual occupation expansion and occupation rotary motion ( Rush, 1971:13 ) programmes.

Figure III. Principles of perpendicular occupation lading

Principle Incentives involved

A. Removing some controls while Responsibility and

retaining answerability personal accomplishment

B. Increasing the answerability Responsibility and

of persons for ain work acknowledgment

C. Giving a individual complete Duty

natural unit of work ( faculty, accomplishment, and

division, country and so on ) acknowledgment

D. Granting extra authorization Responsibility,

to an employee in his accomplishment, and

activity ; occupation freedom acknowledgment

E. Making periodic studies Internal

straight available to the acknowledgment

worker himself instead than

to the supervisor

F. Introducing new and more Growth and larning

hard undertakings non antecedently

handled

G. Assigning persons specific Responsibility,

or specialised undertakings, enabling growing, and

them to go experts advancement

Herzbergi??s i??vertical occupation loadingi?? rules of occupation enrichment allow intrinsic wagess to be built into specific undertakings – as can be seen in Figure III. Each rule involves certain incentives drawn from Herzbergi??s i??Motivation-Hygiene Theoryi?? ( 1968:57 ) shown in Figure II. I have already identified how these peculiar wagess motivate through both Herzbergi??s, Maslowi??s and Decii??s preparations.

For illustration, Principle i??Ai?? – i??Removing some controls while retaining accountabilityi?? motivates since

( 1 ) A lessening in commanding factors leads the agent to believe the supervisor has invested more duty in him/her.

( 2 ) A heightened degree of duty invested, with maintained answerability, reinforces the agenti??s function in the undertaking. Therefore increased agent dependableness of undertaking will take to feelings of personal accomplishment upon successful completion.

The i??vertical burden principlesi?? are designed to appeal to the regard and self-actualisation demand degrees, those at the pinnacle of Maslowi??s motivational hierarchy. An agent may merely achieve these demands if they are extremely motivated and have already fulfilled the lower demands i?? notably the erudite thrust for wage.

Evaluation

My geographic expedition of theories has investigated how occupation design and wage motivate, and to what extent important degrees of motive are achieved. It has become clear that occupation design has the possible to actuate to a greater grade than wage. However occupation design must be implemented right for this to be the instance. Job expansion and occupation rotary motion ( Rush, 1971 ) i??often win in cut downing the mani??s [ workeri??s ] personal part, instead than giving him an chance for growing in his accustomed jobi?? and i??merely makes a occupation structurally biggeri?? ( Herzberg, 1968:59 ) whereas i??Job enrichment provides the chance for employeei??s psychological growth.i?? ( Herzberg, 1969:59 ) .

Numerous research workers suggest along with empirical grounds, that personal properties coupled with occupation design combine to explicate the relationship between administration conditions, individuali??s attitudes and psychological operation ( Kohn, 1971 ; Kohn and Schooler, 1973 ; Frendrich, 1976 ) ( paraphrasis of Oldham & A ; Hackman, 1981:78 ) . This highlights an innate job in both Maslowi??s hierarchy and Herzbergi??s i??Motivation i?? Hygienei?? theory. Workeri??s personal properties, single attitudes and psychological map differ from one to another i?? it is clear that these two theories do non account for the differences in degrees of reactivity of employees. However I believe this is non a terrible drawback of the theory because the motive to gain higher degrees of wage besides differs between employees.

The theories suggest intrinsic wagess built into occupation design are finally more of import in actuating than wage. However Hall, Haas & A ; Johnson ( 1967:905-12 ) explicate how to a great extent structured undertakings cut down occupation discretion and liberty, and therefore motive. Therefore I believe if a procedure of occupation enrichment is to be successful the optimum point of occupation construction and complication in relation to the figure of intrinsic wagess must be reached. The huge bulk of Herzbergi??s i??vertical occupation lading principlesi?? ( 1968:57 ) addition occupation trouble and work load i?? rule i??Ei?? involves i??Making periodic studies straight available to the worker himself instead than to the supervisori?? i?? this clearly expands the work load. If occupations are over structured utilizing an inordinate figure of i??the principlesi?? this could perchance take to low degrees of motive or instil no motive at all.

It is my position that although all of the explored theories portray intrinsic wagess, implemented in occupation design as more of import in motive it is incorrect to believe wage plays no consequence in motive. The initial motive to work for the huge bulk of people is money. However one time conditioned employees perceive money as a demand, an inevitableness of employment and hence the motive it instils falls. Heron ( 1948:132 ) remarks that i??material inducements can be addendums to… replacements for… or obstructions toi?? good teamwork and motive ; my concluding decision is similar to this. Job design i?? in peculiar occupation enrichment i?? has a high intrinsic degree of motive ; and the motive stemming from the fulfillment of these elevated degree needs – in Maslowi??s Hierarchy – is non merely more of import in motive ( attributable to its higher effectivity ) but besides due to its ability to be incorporated into occupations, developed into internal thrusts and demand of no external controls. Therefore it is more of import than wage in accomplishing more effectual, increased degrees of motive.

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