Dental Radiology CH 27

Cortical bone
The dense outer layer of bone
Appears radiopaque on a radiograph
Cancellous bone
The soft, spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone
Appears primarily radiolucent
Types of Bone
Process: marked prominence or projection
Ridge: linear prominence or projection
Spine: sharp, thornlike projection
Tubercle: small bump or nodule
Tuberosity: rounded prominence
Prominences of Bone
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marked prominence or projection
Process
linear prominence or projection
Ridge
sharp, thornlike projection
Spine
small bump or nodule
Tubercle
rounded prominence
Tuberosity
dense outer layer of bone Appears radiopaque on a radiograph
Cortical bone
The soft, spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone Appears primarily radiolucent
Cancellous bone
Canal – tubelike passageway through bone
that contains nerves and blood vessels
Foramen – opening or hole that permits the
passage of nerves and blood vessels
Fossa – broad, shallow, scooped-out, or
depressed area
Sinus – hollow space, cavity, or recess
Spaces and Depressions in Bone
tubelike passageway through bone that contains nerves and blood vessels
Canal
opening or hole that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels
Foramen
broad, shallow, scooped-out, or depressed area
Fossa
hollow space, cavity, or recess
Sinus
A bony wall or partition that divides two spaces or cavities – Radiopaque
Septum
An immovable joint representing a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull -A thin radiolucent line
Suture
The upper jaw is composed of two paired
bones, the maxillae.
The paired maxillae meet at the midline of the face.
Forms the
Floor of the orbit of the eye
Sides and floor of the nasal cavities
Hard palate
Maxilla
Incisive foramen
Superior foramina of the incisive canal
Median palatal suture
Lateral fossa
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Floor of the nasal cavity
Anterior nasal spine
– Inferior nasal conchae
Maxillary sinus
Septa within the maxillary sinus
Nutrient canals within the maxillary sinus
Inverted Y
Maxillary tuberosity
Hamulus
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
Zygoma
Bony Landmarks of the Maxilla
Description
An opening or hole in bone that is located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors
Appearance
A small ovoid or round radiolucent area located between the roots of the maxillary central incisors
Incisive Foramen (Nasopalatine Foramen)
Description
Two tiny openings or holes in bone that are
located on the floor of the nasal cavity
Join together to form the incisive canal
Appearance
Two small round radiolucencies located superior to the apices of the maxillary central incisors
Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal
Description : The immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla
Appearance: A thin radiolucent line between the maxillary central incisors
Median Palatal Suture
Description
A smooth, depressed area of the maxilla located just inferior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the canine and lateral incisors
Appearance
A radiolucent area between the maxillary canine and lateral incisors
Lateral Fossa
Description: A pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla
• The inferior portion is formed by the palatal processes of the maxilla and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones.
Appearance: A large radiolucent area above the maxillary incisors
Nasal Cavity
Description: A vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae
Formed by the vomer and a portion of the ethmoid bone and cartilage
Appearance: A vertical radiopaque partition that divides the nasal cavity
Nasal Septum
Description: A bony wall formed by the palatal processes of the maxilla and the horizontal portions of the palatine bones
Appearance: A dense radiopaque band of bone above the maxillary incisors
Floor of the Nasal Cavity
Description: A sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity
Appearance: A V-shaped radiopaque area located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum
Anterior Nasal Spine
Description: Wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity ; Conchae means shell-shaped or scroll-shaped.
Appearance: A diffuse radiopaque mass or projection within the nasal cavity
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Description: Paired cavities or compartments of bone located within the maxilla- Located above the maxillary premolar and molar
teeth
Appearance: A radiolucent area located above the apices of the maxillary premolars and molars
Maxillary Sinus
Description: Bony walls or partitions that appear to divide the maxillary sinus into compartments
Appearance: Radiopaque lines within the maxillary sinus
Presence and number vary depending on the
anatomy of the individual.
Septa within the Maxillary Sinus
Description: Tiny, tubelike passageways through bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
Appearance: A narrow radiolucent band bounded by two thin radiopaque lines
Nutrient Canals within the Maxillary Sinus
Description: The intersection of the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity
Appearance: A radiopaque upside-down Y formed by the intersection of the lateral wall of the nasal fossa and the anterior border of the maxillary sinus – Located above the maxillary canine
Inverted Y
Description: A rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region
Appearance: A radiopaque bulge distal to the third molar region
Maxillary Tuberosity
Description: A small hooklike projection of bone extending from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Appearance: A radiopaque hooklike projection posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area
Hamulus
Description: A bony projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygoma or malar (cheek) bone
Appearance: A J- or U-shaped radiopacity located superior to the maxillary first molar region
Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla
Description: Articulates with the zygomatic process of the maxilla
Appearance: A diffuse, radiopaque band extending posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla
Zygoma
The largest and strongest bone of the face
Divided into three main parts
Ramus
• Vertical portion found posterior to the third molar
Body
• Horizontal U-shaped portion from ramus to ramus
Alveolar process
• Encases and supports the teeth
Mandible
Genial tubercles
Lingual foramen
Nutrient canals
Mental ridge
Mental fossa
Mental foramen
Mylohyoid ridge
Mandibular canal
Internal oblique ridge
External oblique ridge
Submandibular fossa
Coronoid process
Bony Landmarks of the Mandible
Description: Tiny bumps of bone on the lingual aspect of the mandible
Attachment sites for genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
Appearance: A ring-shaped radiopacity below the apices of the mandibular incisors
Genial Tubercles
Description: A tiny opening or hole in bone located on the internal surface of the mandible
Appearance: A small radiolucent dot inferior to the apices of the mandibular incisors
Lingual Foramen
Description: Tubelike passageways through bone containing nerves and blood vessels that supply the teeth
Most often seen in anterior mandible
Appearance: Vertical radiolucent lines readily seen in areas of thin bone
Nutrient Canals
Description: A linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible
Appearance: A thick radiopaque band that extends from the premolar region to the incisor region – Often appears superimposed over the mandibular anterior teeth
Mental Ridge
Description: A scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the external surface of the anterior mandible
Appearance: A radiolucent area above the mental ridge
Mental Fossa
Description: An opening or hole in bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars
Appearance: A small ovoid or round radiolucent area located in the apical region of the mandibular premolars -Frequently misdiagnosed as a periapical lesion
Mental Foramen
Description: A linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible
Appearance: A dense radiopaque band that extends downward and forward from the molar region
Mylohyoid Ridge
Description: A tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible -Houses the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels
Appearance: A radiolucent band outlined by two thin radiopaque lines that represent the cortical walls of the canal
Mandibular Canal
Description: A linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible the ramus
Appearance: A radiopaque band that extends downward and forward from the ramus -When both appear, the external oblique ridge is superior to the internal oblique ridge.
Internal Oblique Ridge
Description: A linear prominence of bone located on the external surface of the body of the mandible
Appearance: A radiopaque band extending downward and forward from the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible
External Oblique Ridge
Description: A scooped-out, depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge
Appearance: A radiolucent area in the molar region below the mylohyoid ridge
Submandibular Fossa
Description: A marked prominence of bone on the anterior ramus of the mandible
Radiographic appearance: A triangular radiopacity superimposed over, or inferior to, the maxillary tuberosity region
Coronoid Process
Tooth structure
Supporting structures
Normal Tooth Anatomy
Enamel
Dentin
Dentinoenamel Junction
Pulp Cavity
Tooth Structure
the outermost radiopaque layer of the crown of a tooth
Enamel
comprises most of the tooth structure, not as radiopaque as enamel
Dentin
the junction between dentin and enamel
Dentinoenamel junction
a pulp chamber and pulp canals
Pulp Cavity
Anatomy of alveolar bone including Lamina dura, Alveolar crest, Periodontal ligament space
Shape and density of alveolar bone of Anterior regions and Posterior regions
Supporting Structures
Anatomic landmarks of the alveolar process include the lamina dura, alveolar crest, and periodontal ligament space.
Anatomy of Alveolar Bone
Description: The wall of the tooth socket
Made of dense cortical bone
Appearance: A dense radiopaque line that surrounds the root of a tooth
Lamina Dura
Description: The most coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between teeth
Appearance: Appears radiopaque, typically 1.5 to 2.0 mm. below the cementoenamel junction
Alveolar Crest
Description: The space between the root of the tooth and the lamina dura
Appearance: A thin radiolucent line around the root of a tooth
Periodontal Ligament Space
Anterior regions: Normal alveolar crest appears pointed and sharp between the teeth.
The alveolar crest appears as a dense radiopaque line in the anterior region.
Shape and Density of Alveolar Bone Anterior
Posterior regions: Normal alveolar crest appears flat and smooth between the teeth.
The alveolar crest appears less dense and less radiopaque than the alveolar crest seen in the anterior region.
Shape and Density of Alveolar Bone Posterior
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