radiograph, dental
A photographic image produced on film by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures
x ray
A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film.
radiation
A form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles
radiographer, dental
Any person who positions, exposes, and processes x-ray film
radiography
The making of radiographs by the exposure of film to x-rays
radiation
A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube
radiology
The science or study of radiations as used in medicine.
radiography, dental
The making of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of film to x-rays
radiograph
A picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body.
developed first x ray tube
Coolidge
Introduced long-cone paralleling technique
Fitzgerald
exposed first radiograph in united states with live patients
Kells
Used paralleling technique in practical dental radiography
McCormack
discovered x rays
Roentgen
exposed first dental radiograph
Walkhoff
K shell electrons
the K shell electron is located closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy level and the greatest binding energy. The M, N, and L shell electrons are located farther from the nucleus.
the K shell electron is located closest to the nucleus and has the highest energy level and the greatest binding energy. The M, N, and L shell electrons are located farther from the nucleus.
Which of the following electrons has the greatest binding energy?
negative charge
What type of electrical charge does the electron carry?
molecule
Which term describes two or more atoms that are joined by chemical bonds?
Ionization is described as the production of ions when an atom loses an electron
Which of the following describes ionization?
radioactivity
Which term describes the process by which unstable atoms undergo a spontaneous disintegration in an effort to attain a more balance nuclear state?
nucleons
Which of the following is NOT a type of particulate radiation?
electrons
Which of the following is NOT a type of electromagnetic radiation?
x-rays have more energy than visible light
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement?
low-voltage circuit
Which of the following regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of
step-up transformer
The transformers either increase or decrease the voltage in an electrical circuit; the step-up transformer increases the incoming voltage to the level required.
The transformers either increase or decrease the voltage in an electrical circuit; the step-up transformer increases the incoming voltage to the level required.
Which of the following is used to increase the voltage in the high-voltage circuit?
. positive anode
X-rays are produced at the anode that is the positive electrode inside the x-ray tube.
X-rays are produced at the anode that is the positive electrode inside the x-ray tube.
Which of the following is the location in which x-rays are produced?
negative cathode
Thermionic emission occurs at the cathode that is the negative electrode inside the x-ray tube.
Thermionic emission occurs at the cathode that is the negative electrode inside the x-ray tube.
Which of the following is the location in which thermionic emission occurs?
general radiation
Which of the following accounts for 70% of all the x-ray energy produced at the anode?
characteristic radiation
Which of the following occurs only at 70 kVp or higher and accounts for a very small part of the x-rays produced in the dental x-ray machine?
radiation that exits the tubehead
Which of the following describes primary radiation?
radiation that has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter.
Radiation that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter is scatter radiation.
Radiation that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter is scatter radiation.
Which of the following describes scatter radiation?
compton
Which of the following type of scatter occurs most often with dental x-rays?
kVp
In dental radiography, the quality of the x-ray beam is controlled by:
65-100 kV
The average range for most dental x-ray machines is 65-100kV. Lower settings may not penetrate the tissue adequately and cause high contrast images; higher settings increase the radiation the patient receives and cause low contrast images.
The average range for most dental x-ray machines is 65-100kV. Lower settings may not penetrate the tissue adequately and cause high contrast images; higher settings increase the radiation the patient receives and cause low contrast images.
Identify the kilovoltage range for most dental x-ray machines:
greater energy levels
shorter wavelengths
more penetrating ability
shorter wavelengths
more penetrating ability
An increase in kilovoltage increases the quality of the beam. It will demonstrate greater energy and shorter, more penetrating wavelengths.
A higher kilovoltage produces x-rays with:
ampere
Identify the unit of measurement used to describe the amount of electric current flowing through the x-ray tube:
short wavelengths
An increase in kilovoltage increases the quality of the beam. It will demonstrate greater energy and shorter, more penetrating wavelengths.
An increase in kilovoltage increases the quality of the beam. It will demonstrate greater energy and shorter, more penetrating wavelengths.
Radiation produced with high kilovoltage results in:
mA, exposure time
Kilovoltage peak affects the quality of the x-ray beam. The quantity of the x-rays produced is controlled by milliamperage and exposure time.
Kilovoltage peak affects the quality of the x-ray beam. The quantity of the x-rays produced is controlled by milliamperage and exposure time.
In dental radiography, the quantity of radiation produced is controlled by:
temperature of the filament,number of x-rays produced
Milliamperage has no effect on the quality of the beam. Milliamperage does regulate the temperature of the cathode filament, and it does affect the quantity of x-rays produced.
Milliamperage has no effect on the quality of the beam. Milliamperage does regulate the temperature of the cathode filament, and it does affect the quantity of x-rays produced.
Increasing milliamperage results in an increase in:
7-15 mA
The recommended mA setting for dental radiography is 7-15. A setting above 15 mA may cause excessive heat in the x-ray tube.
The recommended mA setting for dental radiography is 7-15. A setting above 15 mA may cause excessive heat in the x-ray tube.
Identify the milliamperage range for dental radiography:
density
Density is described as the overall darkness or blackness of a film.
Density is described as the overall darkness or blackness of a film.
The overall blackness or darkness of a film is termed:
appear lighter
When kilovoltage peak is increased while other exposure factors remain constant, the resultant image exhibits increased density and appears darker. When kilovoltage peak is decreased while other factors remain constant, the resultant image exhibits decreased density and appears lighter.
If kilovoltage is decreased with no other variations in exposure factors, the resultant film will:
contrast
Contrast is defined as how sharply dark and light areas are separated on an image.
Contrast is defined as how sharply dark and light areas are separated on an image.
Identify the term that describes how dark and light areas are differentiated on a film:
high contrast
A radiograph that has many light and dark areas with few shades of gray is said to have:
low kilovoltage
The radiograph described in question 12 was produced with:
increased density
Milliamperage regulates the temperature of the cathode filament, and it does affect the quantity of x-rays produced. Increasing milliamperage alone has little to no effect on the contrast of the film, but it does cause an increase in density
Milliamperage regulates the temperature of the cathode filament, and it does affect the quantity of x-rays produced. Increasing milliamperage alone has little to no effect on the contrast of the film, but it does cause an increase in density
Increasing milliamperage alone results in a film with:
0.50 second
The kilovoltage peak rule states that “when kilovoltage is increased by 15, exposure time should be decreased by one-half. When kilovoltage is decreased by 15, the exposure time should be doubled.”
The kilovoltage peak rule states that “when kilovoltage is increased by 15, exposure time should be decreased by one-half. When kilovoltage is decreased by 15, the exposure time should be doubled.”
A diagnostic film is produced using 90 kVp and 0.25 second. What exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 75 kVp?
0.30 second
Milliamperage and exposure time can be combined to form a common factor called milliampere-seconds. When milliamperage is increased, the exposure time must be decreased.
10 mA x 0.45 second = 15 ma x exposure time
4.50 second = 15 X
0.30 second = X
Milliamperage and exposure time can be combined to form a common factor called milliampere-seconds. When milliamperage is increased, the exposure time must be decreased.
10 mA x 0.45 second = 15 ma x exposure time
4.50 second = 15 X
0.30 second = X
A diagnostic film is produced using 10 mA and 0.45 second. What exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 15 mA?
intensity
Intensity is defined as the total energy contained in the x-ray beam in a specific area at a given time; it is the product of the quality and quantity.
Intensity is defined as the total energy contained in the x-ray beam in a specific area at a given time; it is the product of the quality and quantity.
The total energy contained in the x-ray beam in a specific area at a given time is
1,2,3
Intensity of the x-ray beam is affected by the following factors: kilovoltage peak, milliamperage, exposure time, and distance.
Intensity of the x-ray beam is affected by the following factors: kilovoltage peak, milliamperage, exposure time, and distance.
Increasing which of the following exposure controls will increase the intensity of the x-ray beam? (1) kilovoltage, (2) milliamperage, (3) exposure time, (4) source-to-film distance
four times as intense
The Inverse Square Law deals with two variables: intensity of the x-ray beam and source-to-film distance. According to the Inverse Square Law, as one variable increases, the other decreases. When the PID length is changed from 8 to 16 inches, the source-to-film distance is doubled, and the resultant beam is one-fourth as intense. When the PID length is changed from 16 to 8 inches, the source-to-film distance is reduced by half, and the resultant beam is four times as intense.
The Inverse Square Law deals with two variables: intensity of the x-ray beam and source-to-film distance. According to the Inverse Square Law, as one variable increases, the other decreases. When the PID length is changed from 8 to 16 inches, the source-to-film distance is doubled, and the resultant beam is one-fourth as intense. When the PID length is changed from 16 to 8 inches, the source-to-film distance is reduced by half, and the resultant beam is four times as intense.
The length of the PID is changed from 16 inches to 8 inches. The resultant intensity of the beam will be:
the amount of aluminum needed to reduce x-ray beam intensity by half.
The half-value layer is defined as the amount of lead needed to restrict the diameter of the x-ray beam by half.
The half-value layer is:
exposure to x-radiation and clinical symptoms
The latent period is defined as the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs.
The latent period is defined as the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs.
The latent period in radiation biology is the period of time between:
is an uncharged molecule
has an unpaired electron in the outer shell
is highly reactive and unstable
combines with molecules to form toxins
has an unpaired electron in the outer shell
is highly reactive and unstable
combines with molecules to form toxins
A free radical is a neutral atom or molecule that exists with a single, unpaired electron in its outermost shell. It is highly reactive and unstable, and its lifetime is 10-10 second. To achieve stability, free radicals may recombine with other molecules to form toxins.
A free radical:
x-ray photons hit critical targets within a cell
The direct theory of radiation injury results when ionizing radiation directly hits the critical areas of cells, such as the DNA of the cell.
The direct theory of radiation injury results when ionizing radiation directly hits the critical areas of cells, such as the DNA of the cell.
Direct radiation injury occurs when:
x-ray photons are absorbed and form toxins
The indirect theory of radiation injury results when x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of free radicals and toxins.
The indirect theory of radiation injury results when x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of free radicals and toxins.
Indirect radiation injury occurs when:
nonlinear, nonthreshold
In dental radiography, biologic damage does occur even though the dose of radiation is low. A linear relationship indicates that the tissue response is directly proportional to the dose. A nonthreshold curve states that no matter how small the dose, some damage does occur. The dose of radiation from dental radiography can be described as linear, nonthreshold.
In dental radiography, biologic damage does occur even though the dose of radiation is low. A linear relationship indicates that the tissue response is directly proportional to the dose. A nonthreshold curve states that no matter how small the dose, some damage does occur. The dose of radiation from dental radiography can be described as linear, nonthreshold.
Which of the following relationships describe the response of tissues to radiation?
total dose
dose rate
cell sensitivity
age
dose rate
cell sensitivity
age
Which of the following factors contributes to radiation injury?
long-term effects are seen with small amounts of radiation
absorbed in a long period.
Short-term effects are seen with large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short period of time. On the other hand, long-term effects are seen with small amounts of radiation absorbed over a long period of time.
absorbed in a long period.
Short-term effects are seen with large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short period of time. On the other hand, long-term effects are seen with small amounts of radiation absorbed over a long period of time.
Identify the correct statement.
genetic effects
Somatic effects of radiation injury are seen in the irradiated person. Genetic effects of radiation injury are seen in future generations.
Somatic effects of radiation injury are seen in the irradiated person. Genetic effects of radiation injury are seen in future generations.
Radiation injuries that are not seen in the person irradiated but occur in future generations are termed:
small lymphocyte
The response of a cell to radiation exposure depends on the mitotic activity, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism. Of the choices listed, the small lymphocyte is the most sensitive to radiation because of its high mitotic activity and metabolism.
The response of a cell to radiation exposure depends on the mitotic activity, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism. Of the choices listed, the small lymphocyte is the most sensitive to radiation because of its high mitotic activity and metabolism.
Which of the following is most susceptible to ionizing radiation?
mitotic activity
cell differentiation
cell metabolism
cell differentiation
cell metabolism
The sensitivity of tissues to radiation is determined by:
mature bone cells
Of the choices listed, the mature bone cell is the least sensitive to radiation because of its low mitotic activity and low metabolism rate.
Which of the following is considered radioresistant?
critical organ
Critical organs are defined as organs of the body that when exposed to radiation may become damaged and diminish the quality of life. Examples include skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, and bone marrow.
Critical organs are defined as organs of the body that when exposed to radiation may become damaged and diminish the quality of life. Examples include skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, and bone marrow.
An organ that if damaged diminishes the quality of an individual’s life is termed a:
roentgen
Radiation is measured in the same manner as other physical concepts. The traditional unit for measuring x-ray exposure in air is termed roentgen; its metric equivalent is known as the coulomb/kilogram.
Radiation is measured in the same manner as other physical concepts. The traditional unit for measuring x-ray exposure in air is termed roentgen; its metric equivalent is known as the coulomb/kilogram.
The traditional unit for measuring x-ray exposure in air is termed:
rem
Each type of radiation has a specific quality factor (QF) based on the fact that different types of radiation produce different types of radiation damage. The QF is used to determine the product of absorbed dose, or rem.
Each type of radiation has a specific quality factor (QF) based on the fact that different types of radiation produce different types of radiation damage. The QF is used to determine the product of absorbed dose, or rem.
The QF is used to determine which of the following radiation units:
rad
The unit for measuring the absorption of x-rays is termed:
1 R = 2.58 × 10-4 C
Rationales:
b) 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
c) 1 rem = 0.01 Sv
d) 1 Gy = 100 rads
e) 1 Sv = 100 rems
Identify the correct conversion.
roentgen
Which of the following traditional units does not have an SI equivalent?
roentgen
The roentgen is only used for x-rays and gamma rays and does not include other types of radiation.
The roentgen is only used for x-rays and gamma rays and does not include other types of radiation.
Which of the following is used only for x-rays?
1 R = 2.58 × 10−4 C
1 Gy = 100 rads
1 Sv = 100 rem
1 rem = rad × QF
1 Gy = 100 rads
1 Sv = 100 rem
1 rem = rad × QF
Identify the correct conversion(s).
150-300 mrads (0.0015-0.003 Gy)
Identify the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States.
medical radiation
Medical/dental radiation is the single largest contributor to artificial radiation, accounting for more than half of all artificial radiation exposures.
Medical/dental radiation is the single largest contributor to artificial radiation, accounting for more than half of all artificial radiation exposures.
Identify the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure.
film speed
collimation
technique
exposure factors
Patients exposed to dental radiography must be protected from excess exposure. All of the following factors contribute to the amount of radiation the patient receives: film speed, collimation, technique, and exposure factors.
collimation
technique
exposure factors
Patients exposed to dental radiography must be protected from excess exposure. All of the following factors contribute to the amount of radiation the patient receives: film speed, collimation, technique, and exposure factors.
The amount of radiation exposure an individual receives varies depending on which of the following factors:
250 mR
A single intraoral radiograph using D-speed film, a setting of 70 kVp, and a long position-indicating device results in a surface exposure of 250 mR.
A single intraoral radiograph using D-speed film, a setting of 70 kVp, and a long position-indicating device results in a surface exposure of 250 mR.
A single intraoral radiograph (D-speed film, 70 kVp, long PID) results in a mean surface exposure of:
5000 mrads (0.05 Gy)
Identify the dose at which leukemia induction is most likely to occur.
true
T or F
Every patient should be evaluated individually for dental radiographs.
Every patient should be evaluated individually for dental radiographs.
false
T or F
The 8-inch PID is more effective in reducing radiation exposure to the patient than the 16-inch PID.
The 8-inch PID is more effective in reducing radiation exposure to the patient than the 16-inch PID.
true
T or F
Pointed cones should not be used because of increased scatter radiation.
Pointed cones should not be used because of increased scatter radiation.
false
T or F
The thyroid collar must be worn for all intraoral and extraoral films.
The thyroid collar must be worn for all intraoral and extraoral films.
false
T or F
If necessary, the dental radiographer may hold a film in the patient’s mouth to ensure a diagnostic image.
If necessary, the dental radiographer may hold a film in the patient’s mouth to ensure a diagnostic image.
a filter removes low-energy x-rays
The purpose of the filter is to reduce or “filter” the low-energy, long wavelengths that are harmful to the patient and not useful in diagnostic radiography.
The purpose of the filter is to reduce or “filter” the low-energy, long wavelengths that are harmful to the patient and not useful in diagnostic radiography.
Which of the following describes the use of a filter in a dental x-ray tubehead?
a leaded cone
Inherent filtration occurs when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, insulating oil, and tubehead seal.
Inherent filtration occurs when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, insulating oil, and tubehead seal.
Which of the following is not a component of inherent filtration?
fast films
Which of the following is the single most effective method of reducing patient exposure to radiation?
rectangular PID
Compared with the choices listed, the rectangular collimator provides the greatest reduction in excess radiation to the patient; this type of collimation is just slightly larger than a size 2 film.
Compared with the choices listed, the rectangular collimator provides the greatest reduction in excess radiation to the patient; this type of collimation is just slightly larger than a size 2 film.
Which of the following position-indicating devices is most effective in reducing
collimator
The collimator is constructed from lead and it is used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
The collimator is constructed from lead and it is used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
Which of the following is the device that restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam?
lead plate
The collimator is constructed from lead and it is used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
The collimator is constructed from lead and it is used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
Which of the following is used as a collimator?
reduces low-energy waves
The purpose of the filter is to reduce or “filter” the low-energy, long wavelengths that are harmful to the patient and not useful in diagnostic radiography.
The purpose of the filter is to reduce or “filter” the low-energy, long wavelengths that are harmful to the patient and not useful in diagnostic radiography.
Which of the following describes the function of filtration?
2.75 inches
Federal regulations require that the diameter of the collimated x-ray beam be no more than 2.75 inches at the patient’s skin.
Federal regulations require that the diameter of the collimated x-ray beam be no more than 2.75 inches at the patient’s skin.
Which of the following is the recommended size of the beam at the patient’s face?
1.5; 2.5
State the requirements for proper filtration:
machines operating ≤70 kVp require __________ mm aluminum
machines operating >70 kVp require __________ mm aluminum
machines operating ≤70 kVp require __________ mm aluminum
machines operating >70 kVp require __________ mm aluminum
90-135
State the angle that the dental radiographer should stand to the primary beam: __________ degrees
(N – 18) × 5 rem/year; (N – 18) × 0.05 Sv/year
State the formula for MAD:
5.0 rem/year (0.05 Sv/year)
State the maximum permissible dose for occupationally exposed persons:
0.1 rem/year (0.001 Sv/year)
State the maximum permissible dose for nonoccupationally exposed persons:
__________ rem/year __________ Sv/year
__________ rem/year __________ Sv/year
1974
No federal standards existed for dental x-ray machines manufactured before the year:
intra oral
Dental films placed inside the mouth are termed:
tubehead
The component part of the dental x-ray machine that contains the x-ray tube is termed the:
extension arm
The component part of the dental x-ray machine that allows movement and positioning of the tubehead is termed the:
control panel
The dental radiographer can regulate the x-ray beam (kilovoltage peak, milliamperage, time) through the use of the:
beam alignment device
An instrument that is used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the tooth and film is the:
beam holder
A device that is used to stabilize an intraoral film is a:
collimating device
A metal instrument that is used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam to the size of an intraoral film is the:
protective layer
The component part of an x-ray film described as a thin transparent coating that is placed over the emulsion is termed:
film base
The component part of the x-ray film described as a flexible piece of plastic that withstands heat, moisture, and chemical heat is termed:
hallides
The chemical compounds that change when exposed to radiation or light are termed:
latent image
The invisible pattern of stored energy on the exposed film is termed:
intraoral film
Dental x-ray film that is placed inside the mouth and used to examine the teeth and supporting structures is termed:
the dot indicates the patient’s right or left side
the dot determines film orientation
the dot is important in film mounting
the dot determines film orientation
the dot is important in film mounting
The identification dot on the intraoral film is significant because:
film requires less radiation exposure to make an image
One advantage of a film with an emulsion coating on both sides (double-emulsion film) is that:
to protect the film from back-scattered radiation
The purpose of a lead foil sheet in the film packet is:
the expiration date
Which of the following is NOT found on the label side of the film packet?
size 2
Which of the following film sizes is known as the standard film?
size 4
Which of the following is the largest intraoral film size?
speed
The film characteristic that is “the amount of radiation needed to produce a radiograph of standard density” is:
the larger the crystals, the fast the film speed
The speed of a film is determined by the size of the silver halide crystals in the emulsion. Identify the true statement:
extraoral film
A film that is placed outside of the mouth during x-ray exposure is termed:
true
T or F
A screen film is more sensitive to fluorescent light than to direct exposure to x-rays.
A screen film is more sensitive to fluorescent light than to direct exposure to x-rays.
false
T or F
Nonscreen extraoral film is commonly used in extraoral radiography.
Nonscreen extraoral film is commonly used in extraoral radiography.
intensifying screen
The device that transfers x-ray energy into visible light is termed a:
rare earth screen
The intensifying screen that emits green light and must be used with green-sensitive film is a:
cassette
The device used to hold the extraoral film and intensifying screens is termed a:
loss of image sharpness occurs
If the intensifying screens are not in perfect contact with the screen film, which of the following results?
50° to 70°F, 30% to 50%
Identify the ideal temperature and humidity levels for film storage.
radiolucent
The portion of a processed radiograph that appears dark or black is termed:
radiopaque
The portion of a processed radiograph that appears light or white is termed:
air space
Which of the following appears most radiolucent on a dental radiograph?
bone
enamel
dentin
enamel
dentin
An example of a radiopaque structure seen on dental x-rays is:
density
The overall blackness or darkness of a dental radiograph is termed:
an increase in density; the film appears darker
Increasing the milliamperage (mA) will cause:
increase in density; the film appears darker
Increasing the operating kilovoltage peak (kVp) will cause:
increase in density; the film will appear darker
Increasing the exposure time will cause:
a. increase the exposure time
b. increase the milliamperage
c. increase the operating kilovoltage peak
b. increase the milliamperage
c. increase the operating kilovoltage peak
A dental patient has thick, soft tissues and dense bones. To compensate for this increase in subject thickness and provide a film of diagnostic density, the dental radiographer may:
contrast
The difference in the degrees of blackness between adjacent areas on a dental radiograph is termed:
low contrast
When viewed on a light source, a dental radiograph that demonstrates many shades of gray is said to have:
high contrast
When viewed on a light source, a dental radiograph that demonstrates very dark areas and very light areas is said to have:
a compromise between short-scale contrast and long-scale contrast
The type of contrast preferred in dental radiography is:
operating kilovoltage peak
The one exposure factor that has a direct influence on the contrast of a dental radiograph is:
to increase the penetrating quality of the x-ray beam
The stepwedge is used for all of the following except:
sharpness
The capability of the x-ray film to reproduce distinct outlines of an object is termed:
magnification
The geometric characteristic that refers to a radiographic image that appears larger than its actual size is termed:
distortion
A variation in the true size and shape of the object being radiographed is termed:
development
Whether using manual or automatic processing, the developer is always the first step in film processing.
Whether using manual or automatic processing, the developer is always the first step in film processing.
The first step in film processing is:
rinsing removes the developer from the film and stops the development process.
In film processing, the rinsing step is necessary because:
fixation
The film emulsion is hardened during:
black/gray
The hydroquinone in the developer brings out the _______ tones, whereas the Elon in the developer brings out the ________ tones on a dental radiograph.
68 degrees
The optimal temperature for the developer solution is:
the humidity level of the room
The size of a darkroom is determined by all of the following factors except:
film fog
Any leaks of white light into the darkroom will cause:
a minimum of 4 feet from the film and working area
Because x-ray film is sensitive to light, the safelight must be placed a minimum of 4 feet away from the film and working area.
Because x-ray film is sensitive to light, the safelight must be placed a minimum of 4 feet away from the film and working area.
The safelight must be placed:
intraoral and extraoral films
The GBX-2 safelight filter by Kodak is recommended for:
chemical fumes from processing solutions may fog the film
Unopened boxes of radiographic film should not be stored in the darkroom because:
developer solution
The thermometer for manual processing should be placed in the:
5 minutes
At 68° F, identify the optimal development time:
type of safelight filter used
All of the following factors affect the life of the processing solutions except:
a. compensate for the loss of solution strength
b. ensure uniform results between solution changes
c. compensate for the loss of volume of solution
d. compensate for oxidation
b. ensure uniform results between solution changes
c. compensate for the loss of volume of solution
d. compensate for oxidation
A replenisher is added to the processing solution to:
whenever solutions are changed
How often should the processing tank be cleaned?
commercial tank cleaner
hydrochloric acid and water solution
hydrochloric acid and water solution
Which of the following can be used to clean the processing tank?
the longer duplicating film is exposed to light, the lighter it appears
Discuss how exposure time affects the density of duplicating film.
true
T or F
Film fog results from improper safelighting.
Film fog results from improper safelighting.
false
T or F
Yellow-brown stains result from insufficient development time.
Yellow-brown stains result from insufficient development time.
false
T or F
Developer cut-off appears as a straight black border across the film.
Developer cut-off appears as a straight black border across the film.
true
T or F
To avoid static electricity, touch a conductive object before unwrapping a film.
To avoid static electricity, touch a conductive object before unwrapping a film.
true
T or F
Torn or defective film packets may allow a portion of the film to be exposed to light.
Torn or defective film packets may allow a portion of the film to be exposed to light.
fasle
T or F
Calibration of dental x-ray equipment can be performed by the dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant.
Calibration of dental x-ray equipment can be performed by the dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant.
false
T or F
Annual tests for dental x-ray machines can be performed by the dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant.
Annual tests for dental x-ray machines can be performed by the dentist, dental hygienist, or dental assistant.
true
T or F
For quality control purposes, each new box of unopened film should be tested for film freshness and fog before it is used.
For quality control purposes, each new box of unopened film should be tested for film freshness and fog before it is used.
clear with a slight blue tint
After processing, fresh film that has been properly stored and protected will appear:
adequate film-screen contact
After performing the film-screen contact test, a wire mesh image of uniform density appears. These results indicate:
false
T or F
When functioning properly, a viewbox should emit a uniform and brilliant light.
When functioning properly, a viewbox should emit a uniform and brilliant light.
processing of films
One of the most critical areas of quality control that requires daily monitoring is:
proper safelighting
The coin test is an easy way to check the light-tightness of the darkroom. The lighting in the darkroom is a critical step in proper film processing, and the coin test determines whether the safelight is of proper wattage and distance from the work area.
The coin test is an easy way to check the light-tightness of the darkroom. The lighting in the darkroom is a critical step in proper film processing, and the coin test determines whether the safelight is of proper wattage and distance from the work area.
The coin test is used to check:
every 3 to 4 weeks
On average, processing solutions should be changed:
once each day
On average, processing solutions should be replenished:
the developer solution is too weak
or
the developer solution is too cold
or
the developer solution is too cold
The densities seen on the daily radiograph appear lighter than the densities seen on the reference radiograph; this result indicates that:
fixer strength
The clearing test is used to monitor:
complete disclosure
Informed consent is based on the concept that a patient receives:
disclosure
The process of informing the patient about the particulars of exposing dental radiographs is termed:
malpractice
The improper exposure of dental radiographs may result in:
false
Dental records (including radiographs) should be retained indefinitely.
Dental records (including radiographs) should be retained indefinitely.
T or F
It is best to retain dental records for 6 years.
It is best to retain dental records for 6 years.
parental exposure
Exposure to infectious materials that occurs as a result of piercing or puncturing the skin
image magnification, loss of definition
What happens to the radiographic image when the object-film distance is increased?
occupational exposure
Exposure to infectious material that occurs as a result of procedures performed by the dental professional.
film holder
What piece of equipment is required to hold the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth in the paralleling technique?
X = extension; C = cone (PID); P = paralleling
What do the letters X, C, and P stand for?
1
What size film is used with the anterior XCP instrument?
2
What size film is used with the posterior XCP instrument?
precision film holders; Rinn XCP instruments with snap-on collimators
Which film holders are recommended for use with the paralleling technique because they reduce patient exposure?
: upper arch parallel to the floor; midsagittal plane perpendicular to the floor
How is the patient’s head positioned before exposing films?
to avoid image magnification
Why is an increased target-film distance required in the paralleling technique?
90 degrees to the film and long axis of the tooth
Which of the following describes the relationship of the central ray to the film in the paralleling technique?
the film and tooth are parallel to each other
Which of the following describes the relationship of the film and the long axis of the tooth in the paralleling technique?
the film is placed away from the tooth and toward the middle of the oral cavity
Which of the following describes the distance between the film and tooth in the paralleling technique?
2,3
Which of the following is correct concerning film placement?
(1) anterior films are placed horizontally; (2) anterior films are placed vertically; (3) posterior films are placed horizontally; (4) posterior films are placed vertically
(1) anterior films are placed horizontally; (2) anterior films are placed vertically; (3) posterior films are placed horizontally; (4) posterior films are placed vertically
if less than 20 degrees, the film is generally acceptable
Which of the following is correct concerning the lack of parallelism between the film and the long axis of the tooth?
magnification results
What happens to the radiographic image when a short (8-inch) PID is used?
2
Which size film is used with the bisecting technique?
Rinn BAI instruments
Which film holder is recommended for use with the bisecting technique because it aids in alignment of the PID and reduces patient exposure?
maxillary arch parallel to the floor; midsagittal plane perpendicular to the floor
How is the patient’s head positioned before exposing maxillary periapical films with the bisecting technique?
90 degrees to the imaginary bisector
Which of the following describes the proper direction of the central ray in the bisecting technique?
the film is placed as close as possible to the tooth
Which of the following describes the distance between the film and the tooth in the bisecting technique?
3
Which of the following are advantages of the bisecting technique? (1) increased accuracy, (2) simplicity of use, (3) shorter exposure time
true
T or F
The disadvantages of the bisecting technique outweigh the advantages.
The disadvantages of the bisecting technique outweigh the advantages.
patient “bites” on a “wing” (tab) to stabilize film
What does the term bite-wing refer to?
2
What size film is recommended for use with the bite-wing technique in the adult patient?
caries
What are bite-wing films primarily used to detect?
vertical
What type of angulation is determined by the up-and-down movement of the PID?
examination of the interproximal areas of teeth
Which of the following describes the primary use of the bite-wing radiograph?
+10 degrees
Which of the following is the correct vertical angulation used with the bite-wing technique?
true
T or F
Anatomic order refers to how the teeth are arranged in the dental arches.
Anatomic order refers to how the teeth are arranged in the dental arches.
broad, shallow depression in bone
fossa
passage way through bone
canal
hole or opening in bone
foramen
cavity, recess, or hollow space in bone
sinus
bony partition that separates two places
septum
immovable joint between two bones
suture
hard or compact bone
cortical
spongelike bone
cancellous
