Ecological Succession, Cycles of Matter and Plants review

Aquatic Succession
Water ecosystem changes to terrestrial one. Steps are: Lake, lake fills in with leaves and sediment, becomes meadow, meadow becomes forest.
Aquatic Succession
Biodiversity
The variety of life in the world in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.
Biodiversity
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Climax Community
An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment; the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.

A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time, ( like this meadow).

Climax Community
Community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.
Community
The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established.
Ecological Succession
Pioneer Species
A species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established.

Example: lichens and mosses come in first to stabilize and enrich the soil. They are followed by plants with greater nutritional needs.

Pioneer Species
Secondary Succession
Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil.

A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.

Secondary Succession
Primary Succession
An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed
Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.
Primary Succession
the animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
Biota
biogeochemical cycle
elements/ compounds are passed from one organism to another through the different parts of the biosphere
biogeochemical cycle
evaporation
when water enters the atmosphere
evaporation
transpiration
when water from the plant surfaces enters the atmosphere
transpiration
nitrogen fixation
conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia by bacteria and legumes
nitrogen fixation
denitrification
conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas done by bacteria
denitrification
water cycle
moves oxygen and hydrogen through the biosphere
water cycle
processes that occur in the presence of oxygen
aerobic
processes that occur without the presence of oxygen
anaerobic
energy source for all living things
sun
water returning to earth as rain snow sleet or hail
precipitation
A thin, waxy layer that covers the upper epidermis of the leaf, preventing the loss of water.
Cuticle
A single layer of clear cells that allows light to pass through and prevents the loss of water.
Upper epidermis layer
This layer contains long columnar cells that are packed tightly together. These cells contain chloroplasts and are the main cells carrying out photosynthesis.
Palisade layer
These cells carry water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into the leaf.
Xylem
These cells carry sugar and starch from the leaf down through the stem and into the roots for storage.
Phloem
This layer contains cells with chloroplasts and is a major site of photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll layer
__ _____ are found in the spongy mesophyll layer and function in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Air space
A single layer of clear cells that contains stomates and guard cells.
Lower epidermis layer
An opening in the lower epidermis that allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water and oxygen out of the leaf. Transpiration is the loss of water by a leaf.
Stomata or Stoma
Pairs of these cells containing chloroplasts are found on the lower epidermis of the leaf and are responsible for forming stomates. During the day these cells produce sugar by photosynthesis, causing their walls to curve inward and away from each other and creating a space between the cells called a stomate. At night the process is reversed and the stomate closes.
Guard cells
anther
part of stamen that reproduces pollen
anther
fruit
part of a flowering plant that contains seeds
fruit
ovary
part of a flower that contains ovules and will become fruit
ovary
pistil
female part of the flower; ovary, style, and stigma
pistil
stamen
male part of the flower; filament and anther
stamen
stigma
the sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen grains
stigma
style
the stalk of the pistil; a pollen tube grows down after pollination
style
fibrous roots
several main roots that each branch off to form a mass of roots
fibrous roots
leaves
the main site for photosynthesis and transpiration in plants
leaves
root hairs
thin growths that increase the surface of roots to absorb more water
root hairs
roots
help anchor plant to the ground; absorb more water and nutrients from soil
roots
seed coat
protective coating around seed
seed coat
stem
supports the plant; holds up leaves; stores food in some plants
stem
structures of defense
thorns, poison, and thigmotropism; natural plant defenses against a threat
structures of defense
taproot
one large, main root with smaller roots branching off (carrot, turnip, radish)
taproot
stems grow along the ground making new plants asexually (grass and strawberry)
runners
new shoots up sent up from roots that may form new plants asexually
suckers
a new plant develops from a piece of stem asexually (pineapple, sugar cane)
stem cuttings
underground stems that can grow new plants asexually (onions, potatoes)
bulbs and tubers
epidermis
The top and bottom surfaces of the leaf are covered with a single layer of cells.
epidermis
cuticle
The waxy layer that helps keep the leaf from drying out.
cuticle
stomata
tiny pores or openings in the epidermis that allow CO2, H2O, and O2 molecules to enter and exit the leaf.
stomata
guard cells
Open and close the stomata.
guard cells
palisade layer
Made of cells that contain many chloroplasts – photosynthesis takes place here.
palisade layer
chlorophyll
Green pigment that absorbs light energy.
chlorophyll
xylem
Transports water and minerals from the roots up.
xylem
phloem
Takes the glucose (sugar) made during photosynthesis from the leaf to the rest of the plant.
phloem
Cells joined together to make “cord”, houses xylem and phloem.
Vascular Bundle
process by which plants trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to turn CO2 and H2O into sugars.
photosynthesis
ability of leaves to change their angle to better absorb the sunlight.
phototropism
photosynthetic tissue of leaf, made of loosely packed, irregular shaped cells.
spongy mesophyll
Tropism
The reaction to a certain stimulus in the environment
Tropism
Hydrotropism
When a plant grows toward water
Hydrotropism
When a plant grows toward touch
Thigmotropism
Phototropism
When a plant grows toward light
Phototropism
Gravitropism
When a plant grows reacting to gravity
Gravitropism
Stimulus
When an organism reacts to the five senses
Stimulus
Negative Tropism
When organism doesn’t react to the tropism like it should
Negative Tropism
Positive tropism
When an organism reacts to the tropism like it is supposed to
Positive tropism
Succession that occurs after a fire in an ecosystem is called ____.
A. Primary Succession
B. Flame succession
C. Secondary Succession
D. Climax succession
C. Secondary Succession
Plants that grow with lichens that help further break down rocks are called ___.
A. shrubs
B. mosses
C. legumes
D. trees
B. Mosses
The following natural events will cause primary succession to occur:
A. floods and hurricanes
B. wild fires and controlled burns
C. tsunamis and tornadoes
D. glacier movement and volcanoes
D. glacier movement and volcanoes
Lichens are most likely to grow in the following type of area:
A. an old growth deciduous forest
B. a grassy area cleared by a wild fire
C. an open farm field
D. a volcano after an eruption
D. a volcano after an eruption
The first plants to grow after a fire are called the _______?
A. climax community
B. succession community
C. pioneer species
D. seeds
C. pioneer species
In ecology, succession refers to:
A. balance of power
B. survival of the fittest
C. natural selection
D. one species gradually being replace by another
D. one species gradually being replace by another
A pioneer species such as _______ are a combination of algae and fungus that grow on bare rock.
A. mistletoe
B. lichens
C. legumes
D. mushrooms
B. lichens
How do lichens contribute to primary succession?
A. lichens decompose organic matter from animals and plants
B. lichens begin to break down rocks to form soil.
C. lichens are nitrogen fixing bacteria
D. lichens convert carbohydrates into fossil fuels
B. lichens begin to break down rocks to form soil.
What type of vegetation would you expect to find on and abandoned farm after 150 years.
A. short grasses
B. shrubs
C. pine trees and oak trees
D. lichens
C. pine trees and oak trees
Natural disasters such as flooding and tornadoes are linked to what kind of succession?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. old-field
D. ecosystem
B. secondary
The final stable community that is made up of mature, hardwood trees is called ______.
A. pioneer community
B. farmland
C. climax community
D. old-field
C. climax community
What kind of succession is more likely to take thousands of years before trees are seen?
A. Old-field
B. Ecological
C. Primary
D. Secondary
C. Primary
The pioneer species most likely to be found in secondary succession includes:
A. pine trees
B. oak trees
C. lichens
D. grasses
D. grasses
Where does most primary succession take place in the United States?
A. Hawaii
B. Calvert County
C. Europe
D. Old farmes
A. Hawaii
How are animals affected by ecological succession?
A. lack of food
B. predator/prey interactions.
C. lack of shelter
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
What natural disaster affected Surtsey Island (Iceland) and the ecological succession of the surrounding area?
A. hurricane
B. volcano
C. tsunami
D. earthquake
B. volcano
When does a climax community change?
A. Never, it always remains stable
B. After human disturbance
C. After natural disaster
D. Both B and C
D. Both B and C
LIchens that colonize bare rock are an example of a pioneer species. In which environment would a pioneer species such as lichens be most successful?
A. An old growth deciduous forest
B. A hillside that has been cleared by a forest fire
C. A mountain meadow after the spring snowmelt
D. After a volcanic eruption
D. After a volcanic eruption
Sepal
Protect the flower bud before it blossoms
Sepal
Stigma
responsible for receiving the pollen from the stamen
Stigma
anther
Where the pollen grains are produced
anther
style
stalk-like structure that supports the stigma
style
ovule
will develop into pollen grains are produced
ovule
filament
stem that supports the anther
filament
petals
leafy structures that surround the reproductive organs
petals
ovary
contains ovules that will develop into seeds
ovary
stamen
protects the ovule
stamen
a seed that does not grow because the conditions are not right
what does Dormant mean for plants?
ovary
what part of the plant becomes the fruit?
ovule
what part of the plant becomes the seed?
stem
what plant structure is NOT involved in sexual reproduction?
-tuber
-runner
-plantlet
-cutting
-bulb
give three examples of how plants reproduce asexually.
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