Ecological Succession, Cycles of Matter and Plants review

Water ecosystem changes to terrestrial one. Steps are: Lake, lake fills in with leaves and sediment, becomes meadow, meadow becomes forest.

The variety of life in the world in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.

An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment; the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.

A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time, ( like this meadow).

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.

The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established.

A species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established.

Example: lichens and mosses come in first to stabilize and enrich the soil. They are followed by plants with greater nutritional needs.

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil.

A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact.

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed
Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists.

the animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.

elements/ compounds are passed from one organism to another through the different parts of the biosphere

when water enters the atmosphere

when water from the plant surfaces enters the atmosphere

conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia by bacteria and legumes

conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas done by bacteria

moves oxygen and hydrogen through the biosphere

processes that occur in the presence of oxygen

processes that occur without the presence of oxygen

energy source for all living things

water returning to earth as rain snow sleet or hail

A thin, waxy layer that covers the upper epidermis of the leaf, preventing the loss of water.

A single layer of clear cells that allows light to pass through and prevents the loss of water.

This layer contains long columnar cells that are packed tightly together. These cells contain chloroplasts and are the main cells carrying out photosynthesis.

These cells carry water and minerals up from the roots through the stem and into the leaf.

These cells carry sugar and starch from the leaf down through the stem and into the roots for storage.

This layer contains cells with chloroplasts and is a major site of photosynthesis.

__ _____ are found in the spongy mesophyll layer and function in the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

A single layer of clear cells that contains stomates and guard cells.

An opening in the lower epidermis that allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water and oxygen out of the leaf. Transpiration is the loss of water by a leaf.

Pairs of these cells containing chloroplasts are found on the lower epidermis of the leaf and are responsible for forming stomates. During the day these cells produce sugar by photosynthesis, causing their walls to curve inward and away from each other and creating a space between the cells called a stomate. At night the process is reversed and the stomate closes.

part of stamen that reproduces pollen

part of a flowering plant that contains seeds

part of a flower that contains ovules and will become fruit

female part of the flower; ovary, style, and stigma

male part of the flower; filament and anther

the sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen grains

the stalk of the pistil; a pollen tube grows down after pollination

several main roots that each branch off to form a mass of roots

the main site for photosynthesis and transpiration in plants

thin growths that increase the surface of roots to absorb more water

help anchor plant to the ground; absorb more water and nutrients from soil

protective coating around seed

supports the plant; holds up leaves; stores food in some plants

thorns, poison, and thigmotropism; natural plant defenses against a threat

one large, main root with smaller roots branching off (carrot, turnip, radish)

stems grow along the ground making new plants asexually (grass and strawberry)

new shoots up sent up from roots that may form new plants asexually

a new plant develops from a piece of stem asexually (pineapple, sugar cane)

underground stems that can grow new plants asexually (onions, potatoes)

The top and bottom surfaces of the leaf are covered with a single layer of cells.

The waxy layer that helps keep the leaf from drying out.

tiny pores or openings in the epidermis that allow CO2, H2O, and O2 molecules to enter and exit the leaf.

Open and close the stomata.

Made of cells that contain many chloroplasts – photosynthesis takes place here.

Green pigment that absorbs light energy.

Transports water and minerals from the roots up.

Takes the glucose (sugar) made during photosynthesis from the leaf to the rest of the plant.

Cells joined together to make “cord”, houses xylem and phloem.

process by which plants trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to turn CO2 and H2O into sugars.

ability of leaves to change their angle to better absorb the sunlight.

photosynthetic tissue of leaf, made of loosely packed, irregular shaped cells.

The reaction to a certain stimulus in the environment

When a plant grows toward water

When a plant grows toward touch

When a plant grows toward light

When a plant grows reacting to gravity

When an organism reacts to the five senses

When organism doesn’t react to the tropism like it should

When an organism reacts to the tropism like it is supposed to

Succession that occurs after a fire in an ecosystem is called ____.
A. Primary Succession
B. Flame succession
C. Secondary Succession
D. Climax succession

Plants that grow with lichens that help further break down rocks are called ___.
A. shrubs
B. mosses
C. legumes
D. trees

The following natural events will cause primary succession to occur:
A. floods and hurricanes
B. wild fires and controlled burns
C. tsunamis and tornadoes
D. glacier movement and volcanoes

Lichens are most likely to grow in the following type of area:
A. an old growth deciduous forest
B. a grassy area cleared by a wild fire
C. an open farm field
D. a volcano after an eruption

The first plants to grow after a fire are called the _______?
A. climax community
B. succession community
C. pioneer species
D. seeds

In ecology, succession refers to:
A. balance of power
B. survival of the fittest
C. natural selection
D. one species gradually being replace by another

A pioneer species such as _______ are a combination of algae and fungus that grow on bare rock.
A. mistletoe
B. lichens
C. legumes
D. mushrooms

How do lichens contribute to primary succession?
A. lichens decompose organic matter from animals and plants
B. lichens begin to break down rocks to form soil.
C. lichens are nitrogen fixing bacteria
D. lichens convert carbohydrates into fossil fuels

What type of vegetation would you expect to find on and abandoned farm after 150 years.
A. short grasses
B. shrubs
C. pine trees and oak trees
D. lichens

Natural disasters such as flooding and tornadoes are linked to what kind of succession?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. old-field
D. ecosystem

The final stable community that is made up of mature, hardwood trees is called ______.
A. pioneer community
B. farmland
C. climax community
D. old-field

What kind of succession is more likely to take thousands of years before trees are seen?
A. Old-field
B. Ecological
C. Primary
D. Secondary

The pioneer species most likely to be found in secondary succession includes:
A. pine trees
B. oak trees
C. lichens
D. grasses

Where does most primary succession take place in the United States?
A. Hawaii
B. Calvert County
C. Europe
D. Old farmes

How are animals affected by ecological succession?
A. lack of food
B. predator/prey interactions.
C. lack of shelter
D. all of the above

What natural disaster affected Surtsey Island (Iceland) and the ecological succession of the surrounding area?
A. hurricane
B. volcano
C. tsunami
D. earthquake

When does a climax community change?
A. Never, it always remains stable
B. After human disturbance
C. After natural disaster
D. Both B and C

LIchens that colonize bare rock are an example of a pioneer species. In which environment would a pioneer species such as lichens be most successful?
A. An old growth deciduous forest
B. A hillside that has been cleared by a forest fire
C. A mountain meadow after the spring snowmelt
D. After a volcanic eruption

Protect the flower bud before it blossoms

responsible for receiving the pollen from the stamen

Where the pollen grains are produced

stalk-like structure that supports the stigma

will develop into pollen grains are produced

stem that supports the anther

leafy structures that surround the reproductive organs

contains ovules that will develop into seeds

protects the ovule

a seed that does not grow because the conditions are not right

ovary

ovule

stem

-tuber
-runner
-plantlet
-cutting
-bulb