Enhancing Teaching and Learning in ICT
Through Active Learning.
Glossary
- Staff Participation and Development…………………………………………….. 11
- ICT and the Learning Process………………………………………………..….. 13
Chapter 2 –Active Learning Strategies and Materials..………………..……… 15
Chapter 4 – Research Findings and Discussion……………………………….… . 29
4.1 Government Initiatives………………………………………………….……… . 29
4.2 ICT Strategies and Findings………………………………………………..…… 30
4.3 Active Learning………………………………………………………………….. 31
4.4 Teacher Motivation…………………………………………………….……….. 32
5.4 Learning Theories……………………………………………………………… . 34
Chapter 5 – Conclusions..………………………………………..……………….. 38
Bibliography.………………………………..…………..…………………….…… 42
The coming of the Internet and the subsequent detonation in package plans has laid the foundation for the ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) revolution. As the engineering required to execute information treating it governs the use of computing machines every bit good as package to hive away, change over, procedure, protect, transmit every bit good as retrieve information at anytime from anyplace. ICT is the foundation that has fueled all mode of package applications into systems and methods to heighten our ability to work, cipher, design, learn and net income form their usage. The Internet, along with electronic commercialism, are responsible for altering the manner that societies every bit good as economic systems work and interact throughout the Earth. These tools have transformed the mode in which people store, work, pass leisure clip and learn. The importance of holding systems in topographic point to allow a state to be a knowledge-based information society is being addressed by every state. The benefits and advantages of the preceding will greatly impact upon growing, employment, every bit good as prosperity and will impact everyone, everyplace over the following few decennaries and beyond.
Soon, the figure of persons employed in knowledge-based procedures represents one out of every four new occupations created in Europe and it is estimated that cognition workers in the 21stcentury will account for the bulk of Britain’s employment. [ 1 ] An apprehension of the benefits afforded states, establishments and companies from the information age was illustrated at the Lisbon Summit of March 2000 which stated that certain mark countries such schools were to hold Internet entree by twelvemonth terminal 2001. [ 2 ] Development of the systems for an information society in Europe means that the states within that part need to collaborate and take part in the procedure jointly. As a consequence of the predating concerns every bit good as national and regional authoritiess have been working together to supervise the developing systems that started in 2003.
A recent study from DfES ( Department for Educations and Skills ) [ 3 ] in the United Kingdom indicated that merely 15 % of schools are using ICT in effectual and or advanced ways. [ 4 ] This is troublesome as the pupils of today will be tomorrow’s workforce participants. Assorted studies and surveies on authorities enterprises indicate the demand to develop a systematic attack that supports instructors in the usage of this medium throughout the primary every bit good as secondary sectors. As instructors are the terminal users, they are an built-in portion of the development and input procedure and therefore should hold a big manus in how the systems are developed, refined and augmented. The predating calls for both generic every bit good as capable specific development using instructors to guarantee that the attacks, and how the system works fits their instruction methodological analysiss every bit good as pupil acquisition and keeping are addressed.
No affair how refined said active acquisition systems are or become they will non bring around or rectify instructors with ill developed pedagogical footing for their class bringing. Insight that has been gained through observations every bit good as staff contemplations conducted in workshops by the University of Strathclyde helped to place assorted misconceptions on how new engineerings would help them in their instruction. [ 5 ] Innovative instruction every bit good as acquisition schemes are indispensable in tapping into the resource that ICT brings to the sphere when decently developed. One of the most important recent developments in instruction is the “…shift from learning to learning…” [ 6 ] Use of on-line larning systems has revealed that ICT alterations, to change grades, the functions every bit good as relationships of both instructors and scholars by altering and interfering with their normal interactions. The predating consequences in the procedure that the student’s larning becomes the focal point. The traditional facets of developing an effectual presentation still remain so that the capable affair is learnable, nevertheless in a practical environment the predating represents one variable among a field of others. Online teaching method should chiefly concentrate on the activities of the larning group and therefore the instructions are from the facet of support.
Active acquisition has several definitions to depict the procedure with the common yarn among these being that the pupil must actively travel the stuff presented to larn the constructs. The phrase “Learning is non a witness sport” [ 7 ] competently describes the thought. Active acquisition schemes have developed as a consequence of cognizing that “…active larning consequences in longer term memory retrieval than inactive learning…” [ 8 ] The more the topic becomes involved in the procedure of larning as a consequence of both speech production and kinaesthetic activities they are more likely to retain a higher per centum of the lesson for longer periods of clip.
Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) is seen as a major ingredient in the instruction system for both today every bit good as the hereafter. As such, it is a cardinal facet of current reform ( s ) in instruction. ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) is instrumental in the United Kingdom’s authorities docket to raise criterions in educational course of studies as therefore forms a cardinal facet of instruction reform. The government’s scheme in the United Kingdom for instruction consists of:
- Increasing criterions,
- promote diverseness, and to
- achieve consequences
Governmental marks and aims set for 2002 included: [ 9 ]
- that all schools in the NGfL were connected by the Internet,
- seeing that all instructors were and are competent every bit good as confident utilizing ICT to learn utilizing the course of study,
- extinguishing the demand for paper-based administrative communications,
- that DfEE communications are chiefly electronic,
- to do the United Kingdom to be considered as stand outing in the use of digital based acquisition,
The predating aims were achieved by 2002 under the “Open for Learning, Open for Business” plans that were launched in 1998. During the budget calendar twelvemonth 2000 – 2001 the authorities earmarked 39.6 million EUR’s for the development of package to make demand under this enterprise. As there are no particular Torahs for Internet safety using to schools The National Grid for Learning ensures that educational establishments receive safe high quality content. The web sites are monitored on a regular footing by Gridwatch in maintaining with this doctrine.
A survey implemented in 2002 by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education utilised establishments where good pedagogic pattern with respect to ICT usage and development had been recorded from 1998 to 2001. This survey used questionnaires, staff and pupil interviews, observations of teaching/learning every bit good as a study of programme certification. This survey identified that assorted factors entered into a successful ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) scheme execution: [ 10 ]
- Cardinal staff were appointed to defend enterprises. These persons were qualified as effectual module members.
- The platform selected was deemed as being critical to the overall success of the undertaking ( s ) and it was understood that any troubles in accessing the system would be an hindrance to effectual use.
- It was determined that a responsive every bit good as supportive learning and/or proficient unit needed to be in topographic point to assistance and assist staff members with certain inquiries or jobs.
- The being of what is termed ‘middle managers’ who oversee and develop budgets and other administrative facets could be either a hinderance or the could ease development.
The more successfully incorporate system was identified as being the web-based ‘virtual acquisition environment’ ( VLE ) platform as it accommodated a broader mixture of communicating and acquisition activities with more interactivity. [ 11 ] Use of the varied system attacks besides revealed that the more successful enterprises were driven by teaching method instead than engineering. The accent on ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) development by the British authorities has yielded some positive consequences from the execution of web-based acquisition. It was found that the flexibleness built-in in ICT-based systems permitted “…students to work at their ain pace…” [ 12 ] every bit good as location and clip. The survey identified that the synergistic composing of ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) aided acquisition, nevertheless it was found that there were still avenues that could be farther developed every bit good as utilised. Student responses to the study rated the entree to information as the systems most of import characteristic. Fully 69 % voted in this mode, with 87 % evaluation it as either most or 2nd most of import. [ 13 ]
The undermentioned summarizes the chief facets uncovered by the survey, and such serves as an understanding refering possible developmental waies every bit good as guidelines to better system effectivity and efficiency: [ 14 ]
- Use of Virtual Learning Environment ( VLE )
The survey determined that when web-based practical acquisition environment ( VLE ) was utilized it had a significant influence on the nature and extent of undertakings and plans developed within the ICT model. Frequent mentions were made by both pupils and module members refering the simpleness of the system as being really of import in their ability to set to its use. The VLE platform encouraged a broader scope of communicating and acquisition activities and resulted in more synergistic usage of engineering.
- Staff Choice
It was determined that in those cases were the staff had input as to how and if they desired to integrate ICT-based systems for their instruction resulted in a higher incidence of usage. As is and would be the instance in any customized scheduling sequence there were cases whereby either pupils or module felt that the class stuff or bringing could be either modified or adjusted, nevertheless the study indicated that pupils appreciated holding entree to information on their classs and that even entree to limited information was preferred to none.
- Pedagogy Rather than Technology
A comparing of differing class scheduling and effectivity facets indicated that class development and layouts need to be driven by teaching method instead than engineering in order to deduce increased effectivity from the terminal usage.
- Flexibility
Students and instructors found that this country was one of ICT’s best properties. Electronically based learning stuffs permit pupils to continue at their ain gait and concentrate more clip on those countries where they are weakest or necessitate more clip. It permitted, every bit good as licenses them, to pull off every bit good as program their single acquisition. As there are a big per centum of pupils who work parttime occupations, the flexibleness of web-based acquisition allowed them the clip to schedule their precedences. Students besides commented that the ability to hold some control over their class larning gave them extra assurance which freed them from the force per unit areas of conventionally based group larning fortunes. The survey besides revealed that web-based acquisition yielded higher terminal consequences with respect to ‘dry or complex’ capable affair.
- Interactivity
ICT’s synergistic constituent was found to be an of import assistance in the acquisition procedure with room available for extra development. The active engagement manner was peculiarly appealing to pupils and this included class exercisings every bit good as on screen use.
- Independent Learning and Access to Information
All of the topic establishments were in understanding that ICT ( Information and Communications Technology ) permitted and promoted independent acquisition. The system allows pupils entree to a wide scope of stuffs, diaries and other resources helpful in class work as a consequence of Internet entree. Students rated this characteristic, entree to information, as their most of import usage hiting 69 % . Faculty members besides agreed with the pupil appraisal and thought that more accent on a structured tutorial for usage of the system would supply farther benefits.
- Monitoring Student Progress
Faculty members indicated that the use of ICT attacks did non needfully cut down their class work load. However, they did note that it did do them to switch their precedences to take better advantage of the benefits it offered in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Teachers by and large agreed that they were passing more clip in single pupil contact, largely through electronic agencies.
- Electronic mail
This facet has helped to cut down paper communications and is seen as one of the systems most of import facets in that communications can be about immediate. The survey found that “virtually all everyday communicating is through email” . [ 15 ] The downside to this country is that it tends to replace face-to-face communications and therefore reduces student module interaction.
- Complementary Approach
The survey revealed that the bulk of module members believed that ICT-based acquisition should congratulate instead than replace conventional instruction and larning methods. Students felt that the ICT-based system offered them more varied acquisition chances and in some cases that ICT attacks were really replacing some traditional methodological analysiss.
- Two Positions of Learning
The acquisition procedure can be a private every bit good as shared experience. ICT – based larning provides pupils with both options and therefore the ability to increase or diminish one constituent based upon their personal acquisition penchants.
- Teaching Improvements
It was found that in those cases where module members had made serious usage of the ICT attack, they indicated that it provided betterments with regard to varied facets and countries of their instruction. The degree and quality of readying was mentioned most. The teaching staff indicated that one time the stuffs had been prepared, they could be easy uploaded every bit good as modified or revised to suit the differing demands of classs every bit good as pupil groups. Faculty members besides mentioned that presentations and talks took on more dynamic every bit good as varied manners and that of import sections could be emphasized. Interestingly plenty, the poster of talks on the web did non cut down existent pupil attending at talks, but is was found that it did allow them to come to them better prepared and because they did non hold to take notes, the talks were more piquant.
- Changes in Student Attitudes
Interestingly, module members who where interviewed stated that they found it hard to find where the use of ICT might hold led to betterments refering pupil acquisition and academic public presentation. The survey every bit good as observation indicated that pupils participated more in ICT-based acquisition and it was noted that there were groundss of additions in personal regard, peculiarly in those pupils with known larning disablements every bit good as those who had exhibited lower degrees of assurance.
- Quantifiable Improvement
It was noted that there was quantifiable grounds refering an betterment in pupil accomplishment. The predating suggests that the use of ICT may hold peculiar benefits in applications of specific larning state of affairss.
- Learning to utilize ICT Efficaciously
Varied troubles every bit good as issues were identified by the survey that were/are important. It was found that pupils would profit from extra information every bit good as tutorials on how to do more effectual usage of ICT-based tools.
- A Potential Barrier to Expansion
One facet of the survey that revealed an interesting correlativity is the perceptual experience by some module members that ICT approaches seemed better suited for usage in technological and scientific applications.
- Online Assessment
The survey besides revealed that in some establishments the ICT-based system was rated as complex. Self-assessment trials permit pupils to see corrections, Markss and feedback on a faster footing.
- Concerted Learning
As expected, there were considerable alterations in the manner student’s approached larning as a consequence of ITC-based systems. One major displacement in attitude was related to the single civilization. This was explained as the interaction between pupils and coachs, every bit good as less equal to peer interaction. The survey uncovered that ‘Collaborative Networked Learning’ presented a extremely typical attack to content every bit good as larning methodological analysis.
1.1 Staff Participation and Development
It was found that when module members participated in the development of the ICT acquisition based system the use every bit good as flexibleness of applications were both more effectual and garnered a higher per centum of use than those developed by the IT section. The undermentioned constitute emerging subjects which were identified as a consequence of said survey:
- Limited Staff Engagement
Through the survey, it was confirmed that there were some notable emerging pedagogic uses of ICT at the capable degree. It was besides noted that these uses besides produced some advanced every bit good as focused acquisition and instruction methodological analysiss. And while the capable countries were varied in footings of their type and graduated table every bit good as their use of ICT, they all were rated as doing a part to the acquisition procedure and as a vehicle for learning. It was found that exterior of the student/teacher parameters the staying staff chiefly utilised ICT for posting and recovering everyday information on classs and that in many cases a considerable figure of the staff did non use the ICT resources at all.
- Benefits of a Coherent Central Strategy
It was found that in the universities that had a clear and centrally goaded scheme for the use and execution of ICT attacks that system was being accessed every bit good every bit turning as extra module and pupils utilized it capabilities and resources.
- Rarity of Teamwork
It was learned that it was teamwork use within groups was rare in footings of the development of larning applications and stuffs that use ICT. The bulk of cases of ICT usage were single activities.
- Role of Central Support Unit of measurements
Central acquisition and learning developmental units earned high congratulations from module members who indicated that their increasing acquaintance permitted them to larn every bit good as introduce new thoughts and supervise execution as a consequence of them cognizing past uses.
- Barriers to Development
The undermentioned identifies a figure of evident barriers to the development of extra ICT attacks which were found as a consequence of this survey ;
- Lack of Expertness
Many module members were under the feelings that they did non hold the necessary accomplishments to do usage of web-based attacks to classs and instruction. Even after these persons were appraised of the easiness in accomplishment many were slow to use the system due to the clip devouring nature of developing the stuffs.
- Conflicting Precedences
This occurred when module members felt they had force per unit areas to react to other precedences at the same clip.
- Middle Management
It was found that in many cases that academic directors in certain instances are one of the possible barriers to development.
- Menace to Jobs
In the beginning many module members felt that the development of ICT resources would take to a reduced demand for lectors. Actual use nevertheless dispelled that thought as the function and usage of lectors was non affected.
The survey conducted by the University of Wolverhampton has illustrated a figure of facets refering ICT web-based attacks and the development of acquisition and instruction system course of studies. This extended survey broached all facets of the ICT attack and the methodological analysiss utilized to develop systems at a figure of establishments. The consequences clearly indicate that the web-based systems using the input and development of the module obtained faster use and the subsequent application and utilizations have continued to increase. The engineering developed larning systems have lagged buttockss due to faculty distance from the planning, input and developmental procedure. Therefore, the key to the execution and on-going use of web-based acquisition and learning systems entails faculty engagement from its origin and seeks their continued inputs on an on-going footing.
1.2 ICT and the Learning Process
The inquiries environing the use of ICT in the acquisition and instruction procedure are entail facets which delve into the terminal consequence, do ICT-based attacks help pupils to understand and therefore larn better every bit good as retain more? Without contrary grounds it has to be argued that scholars in the twenty-first century do non get cognition any otherwise than their predecessors. The procedure, though more sophisticated, still is the same as it was when Aristotle was learning, it entails:
“…interacting with a acquisition facilitator and with their peers.” [ 16 ]
Learning is a personal action that is acquired on a societal footing. With the predating being the instance it stands to ground that maximising the procedure means to custom-make the contact aspects that are a portion of the procedure. And invasion that either degrades or interrupt the contact interaction diminishes the acquisition procedure. With the predating being the instance, so ICT applications and attacks need to be background oriented in the acquisition and learning procedure instead than foreground. [ 17 ]
The most successful applications, systems and processes operate seamlessly. They are unseeable, yet every bit integrated as a pen or a piece of paper. The points gleaned from the University of Wolverhampton survey are that the classs and categories should be built around a engineering that suits individual larning procedures. The riddle environing ICT-based attacks is that today’s pupils by and large have computing machine accomplishments that far exceed their instructors every bit good as those who have little to no exposure. We learn by a figure of procedures, one of which is active use. [ 18 ] This means that the scholar must be able to actively take part in the acquisition procedure for it to be effectual. The engagement at the point of this information, treatment and the analysis of that information along with the collaborative synthesis that takes topographic point are of import constituents in the procedure. Another method is contemplation. This entails clip and normally some stimulation that consequences in contemplation on something we experienced. Through the use of group treatments and collaborative actions with instructors this facet can be stimulated to promote contemplation on what has been learned or discovered. The use of formal coverage is a methodological analysis that helps to initialise the procedure and helps the scholar to reflect via consolidating the information into a shorter version for presentation or entry ( the study ) .
Purpose represents another factor in the acquisition procedure. As worlds our action ever have an purpose in footings of the things we do. Effective larning entails a clear apprehension of the grounds why the acquisition is needed every bit good as what will weave up being achieved by it. And since we do populate in a socially oriented universe our attitudes refering the acquisition procedure reflect these outside influences. Therefore, effectual acquisition is a procedure that needs coaction every bit good as cooperation. ICT is non meant to nor can it replace worlds as the built-in constituent of the acquisition procedure. The present ICT attacks might be accused of being the component that could interrupt the connexion between the facilitator and the scholar as a consequence of computing machine interfaces. [ 19 ] Puting the ICT facet in the foreground would therefore stand for a serious breach of the aforesaid ways in which we learn.
It is of import to understand and non acquire lost in the computer science facets of ICT which can take away us from the existent elements of learning. Effective instruction requires a high correlativity of larning as portion of a procedure of human interaction and the capable affair. As it was with Aristotle, so it still is today, the foundation is the interaction between the scholar and the facilitator.
Chapter 2 –Active Learning Strategies and Materials
Active acquisition schemes did non develop within a vacuity, they are the merchandise of other applications and methodological analysiss which endured the trial of utility. The action theory is one of those foundational pillars which contribute to active acquisition and therefore will be briefly examined for similar constructs. Action acquisition is a theory every bit good as procedure that is utilised chiefly in concern type scenes in direction preparation every bit good as higher instruction plans. Marquardt ( 1999 ) [ 20 ] provinces that:
“…action acquisition is both a procedure and a powerful program…” and that the procedure “…involves a little group of people work outing existent jobs while…focusing on what they are learning…”
The action larning theory is aimed at facing the increased demands placed upon the topic as a consequence of occupation complexness through a team-based procedure that introduces new positions and so using squad resources as a means to work out jobs. The predating relies on the rational resources of the squad as these constitute differing backgrounds of which many may non be familiar with the job. This encourages new thought and therefore advanced solutions. Dilworth ( 1998 ) [ 21 ] stated that the composing of a group that is unfamiliar with a peculiar job encourages new angles of enquiry as a consequence of diging into ways to work out it.
There are a figure of primary constituents which are necessary to make the ambiance for an action-learning environment. To get down with it requires that first there is a existent job to be addressed, along with a group of people that is committed to happening a solution. [ 22 ] Action acquisition utilizes a systematic procedure that addresses the assorted jobs at the organisational every bit good as single development degree. To do the procedure more effectual the participants need to see the job and solution as important so that they devote their full resources to the group collaborative attempt. The model of the action larning procedure promotes prosecuting participants in job work outing whereby the content is non familiar. This has been found to excite more originative responses as there is no 1 person in the group who might glower upon the exchange of thoughts. Marquardt ( 1999 ) [ 23 ] stated that interrupting out of any ego imposed thoughts or premises which limit creativeness diminishes the possible attacks and therefore solutions that will be created as a consequence.
As the phrase implies, action acquisition means that larning does non take topographic point unless there is some type of action. The recommendations of the action-learning group is indispensable to the procedure. Learning can therefore be summed up, using action acquisition as the procedure, as inquiring, programmed cognition, contemplation and eventually, execution. The predating requires that the person ( s ) take duty for the execution of thoughts every bit good as recommendations from the action-learning group. In a existent universe puting the execution procedure requires that the persons involved in the job work outing procedure reflect upon their proposed solution to find if accommodations or some outstanding factors where overlooked or non introduced in the solution procedure. In the academic sphere pedagogues seek to put precedence on single action. The placing of precedence on the problem-solving group along with organisational action can enrich learning methodological analysis. Rowlandet Al( 1995 ) [ 24 ] indicated that action larning relies upon the context of single committedness in the group and a strong desire to do a solution.
Making the procedure, action acquisition, go on is the facilitator who is responsible for supplying support so that the group can take the necessary clip to non merely reflect upon their actions and what has been learned, but besides so that they can supervise the advancement as assistance in the group traveling frontward. Marquardt ( 1999 ) [ 25 ] stated that:
“…the facilitator acts as a nexus to keep contact with cardinal people…” that are outside of the group, and besides serves “… as a accelerator to travel people out of anecdotal manner and into analytical mode…”
He besides stated that the facilitator is an perceiver to assist the group to remain focused every bit good as prompt the group to move, and by puting a clime for an unfastened and swearing environment the facilitator opens the door whereby communicating develops and continues.
As antecedently indicated, active acquisition means that the persons involved in the procedure ‘actively’ manipulate the stuff in inquiry in order to larn the constructs. Dale’s cone of acquisition has proven to be an effectual illustration of the effectivity of larning when based upon larning experiences along with the medium ( media ) utilized for direction. The differing media correlative to learner engagement and the least active is located at the top of the cone, inactive, and the person who is more active in footings of engagement is located at the underside, with the custodies on attack. The undermentioned lists the constituents of Dale’s Cone of Learning get downing from the top and working down: [ 26 ]
- Verbal Symbols
- Ocular Symbols
- Sound ( Recordings )
- Still Photos
- Movies – Videos
- Television
- Exhibits
- Field Trips
- Presentations
- Dramatized Experiences
- Contrived Experiences
- Direct & A ; Purposeful Experiences
Interrupting down this format, we can better understand the niceties involved: [ 27 ]
- Verbal Symbols
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 10 % of what we have read.
- Ocular Symbols
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 20 % of what we have heard.
- Sound ( Recordings )
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 30 % of what we have seen.
- Still Photos
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 50 % of what we have heard and seen.
- Movies – Videos
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 50 % of what we have heard and seen.
- Television
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 50 % of what we have heard and seen.
- Exhibits
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 50 % of what we have heard and seen.
- Field Trips
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 70 % of what we have said.
- Presentations
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 70 % of what we have said.
- Dramatized Experiences
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 90 % of what we have said and done.
- Contrived Experiences
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 90 % of what we have said and done.
- Direct & A ; Purposeful Experiences
Using the indicated mention that refers to what we tend to retrieve after 2 hebdomads, this section represents 90 % of what we have said and done.
Dale’s research has prompted a figure of extra surveies and some of these resulted in the ‘Learning Pyramid’ that illustrates the mean keeping rate achieved by changing learning methods an teacher utilizes: [ 28 ]
- Lecture
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 5 % .
- Reading
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 10 % .
- Audio / Visual
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 20 % .
- Presentation
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 30 % .
- Discussion Group
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 50 % .
- Practice by Making
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 75 % .
- Thatch Others
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 90 % .
As indicated, the least effectual method is talks. Given the fact that this manner is the predominating method utilized in present twenty-four hours instruction, the keeping rate is extremely upseting. The information contained in Dale’s Cone every bit good as the Learning Pyramid clearly indicate that in order to achieve the highest keeping rate among pupils that the learning methods should prosecute the scholar to take part actively with stuffs every bit good as new constructs in the direction procedure. The undermentioned illustrate several different learning methodological analysiss to use in a schoolroom context: [ 29 ]
- Require that Students Write
It has been shown via research that by halting a talk for three proceedingss after the chief subject or construct has been discussed permits the pupils to compose notes, contemplations and ideas. Using this as a talk technique will increase keeping rates perceptively over a consecutive talk methodological analysis.
- One Minute Documents
This methodological analysis is a speedy and simple manner to garner written feedback on what pupils have learned. Employment of this technique requires that the talk be stopped, or at the terminal so ask the attendants ( pupils ) to briefly respond to a fluctuation of the following two inquiries:
- “What was the most of import thing you learned during this category? ” [ 30 ]
and,
- “What of import inquiry remains unanswered/” [ 31 ]
The responses to these two question types can be utilized on index cards or garbages of paper which are handed in. Through this methodological analysis the teacher can reexamine these answers before the following category session and so can clear up any stuff as required.
- Think & A ; Pair & A ; Share
This technique is utilised after either a construct or a preset sum of category clip. The category is stopped and so the pupils are permitted clip to garner their ideas ( think ) on a peculiar issue or capable. This is so discussed for about three to five proceedingss with the individual they are seated following to ( partner offing them up ) . The last measure in the procedure is to choose braces who portion their ideas with the full category either verbally or via a study type method.
- Brainstorming
This is a good technique via which to bring forth thoughts in a speedy mode. It is of import to be certain that all participants understand the regulations:
- that no answer or response is incorrect,
- that every answer / response will be accepted in this format without any treatment or statement
Once the brainstorming session has generated a sufficient batch of responses the teacher so guides the category to use analytical and synthesising accomplishments to make a finding of the best thoughts submitted.
- Concept Mapping
In this method, the pupils develop ocular representations that illustrate the relationships between constructs. The methodological analysis requires that they draw circles that contain constructs and these are connected with lines. These linking lines can hold written phrases placing them and therefore uncovering the connexion with or between the construct circles. The technique of utilizing concept maps can be performed as an person or group exercising and it offers the pupil pattern in using critical thought properties such as comparing, classification and contrasting concept elements.
- Presentations – Labs
These techniques are good in visually stand foring and allowing the pupil to interact with others sing assorted class constructs. They ( pupils ) can be instructed to foretell the result to a given state of affairs and so supply an appraisal, rating and justification of that anticipation to find if it was valid based upon the result of laboratory findings.
- Case Studies
The use of this method calls for instance surveies to be presented to pupils to read and analyse. They so use constructs, information and theory which was taught. This technique can use groups or pupils working separately, every bit good as the brace – portion methodological analysis.
- Role Playing
Via this method the participants act out fanciful but existent life scenarios. The walk in my places approach enables pupils to obtain a better appreciation of state of affairss and responses coming from them as the surrogate participant.
- Student Arguments and Discussion Panels
These can either be formal or informal, utilizing single or group engagement and can be either graded or un-graded in category marking. Through this technique pupils are afforded the chance to take a stance ( place ) , and obtain informations and/or statements to therefore back up their place.
- Videos
Videos offer an surrogate agencies of showing information using a talk as the format. It is recommended that the length of the picture be no more than 5 to 20 proceedingss.
- Games
Games such as Crossword puzzles, Jeopardy, etc. can advance group competition and aid pupils with stuff that has been discussed or to better understand class information.
As shown by the old illustrations ‘active learning’ incorporates varied techniques whereby pupils are required to make more than merely listen to a talk. It entails ‘active’ engagement through the indicated methods whereby ‘doing’ something includes processing, find, and so the application of information. The procedure of active larning utilizes two basic premises:
- that the procedure of acquisition is an active thing,
- that different people learn in differing ways
It is possible that those pupils who either prefer or are accustomed to talks might meet a opposition to active acquisition techniques. The thought is to explicate the aims to be attained by using the techniques so that pupils understand what the procedure is, and therefore can deduce more significance and apprehension of what is being looked for. [ 32 ] The use of active larning techniques has a powerful impact on pupils and their keeping of things being taught. Several surveies have indicated that pupils really prefer those schemes that promote the usage of active acquisition over traditional talks. [ 33 ] Various literature on how we learn has stressed the importance of engagement as a key to understanding and keeping instead than passively listening. Reading, composing, treatment and being engaged in work outing jobs are constituents of being active and utilizing extra senses. When actively involved, the pupil must convey to bear higher degree believing elements such as synthesis, analysis and rating. The powerful impact these techniques have upon pupil larning makes the use of active acquisition vital.
The topic of how teaching and acquisition can be enhanced in ICT attacks through active larning techniques required looking at the entire construct of ITC-based application attacks every bit good as traditional instruction methodological analysiss and pupil / module perceptual experiences and reactions. Specifying the assorted aims and ends for the ICT procedure, instructor point of views every bit good as the benefits of active acquisition were determined to be the agencies via which to understand the sphere every bit good as elements consisting the procedure so that any meaningful impact could be determined. Constraints on budgets, learning staffs, better instructional methods and higher classs means that of all time more effectual every bit good as efficient learning methods non merely necessitate to be utilized, they will besides necessitate to be explored. The Lisbon Summit enterprise of March 2000 every bit good as authorities scheme in the United Kingdom for betterments in instruction called for: [ 34 ]
- Increased criterions,
- publicity of diverseness, and to
- achieve consequences
With governmental marks and aims as:
- all schools in the NGfL be connected by the Internet,
- seeing that all instructors were and are competent every bit good as confident utilizing ICT to learn utilizing the course of study,
- extinguishing the demand for paper-based administrative communications,
- that DfEE communications are chiefly electronic,
- to do the United Kingdom to be considered as stand outing in the use of digital based acquisition,
On order to accomplish any of these aims, it was necessary to analyze the varied schemes that comprised the successful execution of an ICT scheme. These were identified as: [ 35 ]
- Cardinal staff being appointed to defend enterprises. These persons were qualified as effectual module members.
- The platform selected must be critical to the overall success of the undertaking ( s ) and it was understood that any troubles in accessing the system would be an hindrance to effectual use.
- A responsive every bit good as supportive learning and/or proficient unit needed to be in topographic point to assistance and assist staff members with certain inquiries or jobs.
- And the being of what is termed ‘middle managers’ who oversee and develop budgets and other administrative facets could be either a hinderance or the could ease development.
Given the predating as facets of the scrutiny into ‘how instruction and acquisition can be enhanced in ICT attacks through active acquisition techniques’ , an apprehension of ‘active learning’ was undertaken. Dale’s Cone of Learning provided the foundational apprehension as to the of import component and benefit of active acquisition, higher keeping and apprehension. The Cone of Learning indicated that increased keeping occurred when one utilized the elements at the underside, which were those with the highest recollection and keeping factors ;
- Verbal Symbols
- Ocular Symbols
- Sound ( Recordings )
- Still Photos
- Movies – Videos
- Television
- Exhibits
- Field Trips
- Presentations
- Dramatized Experiences
- Contrived Experiences
- Direct & A ; Purposeful Experiences
The preceding allowed the farther apprehension of the construct of larning through the ‘Learning Pyramid’ , which is an illustration sing the mean keeping rate that is achieved by using varied learning methods by an teacher: [ 36 ]
- Lecture
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 5 % .
- Reading
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 10 % .
- Audio / Visual
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 20 % .
- Presentation
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 30 % .
- Discussion Group
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 50 % .
- Practice by Making
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 75 % .
- Thatch Others
The followers is the per centum of what we retain as a consequence of this method after two hebdomads have lapsed – 90 % .
With the predating countries established, the last an most of import component, the instructors /faculty, needed to be examined to find how they would be motivated to encompass and utilised ICT based attacks meshed with active larning techniques. These countries are summarized under Chapter 4 – Research Findings and Discussion
- Government Enterprises
Governmental schemes foremost initiated in 1998 sing the execution of ICT attacks to heighten acquisition in the United Kingdom now fall under the ‘Office for Standards in Education – OFSTED. In their ‘Sixth Report of Session 2003-2004’ they set forth the accomplishments every bit good as new aims and an analysis of public presentation. With a ten-year history of school review OFSTED was pleased to describe that during that period every school in the United Kingdom has been inspected at least twice. OFSTED at this point in clip is reexamining its processs every bit good as standards sing its review authorization to find if extra alteration, or betterment might be required to run into the altering parametric quantities caused by technological promotion every bit good as new developments in acquisition and instruction. The preceding was broached by the Office for Standards in Education which stated: [ 37 ]
“We are besides concerned that OFSTED studies sometimes provide an out-of-date appraisal of a school which may hold achieved important betterment since the last inspection.”
Established in 1992, the Office for Standards in Education ( OFSTED ) oversees the quality of instruction and disposal for every school in the United Kingdom.
- ICT Strategies and Findingss
A survey undertaken by the University of Wolverhampton delved into all facets of ICT enterprises and approaches an revealed that the undermentioned elements were / are critical to and as a consequence of a successful system: [ 38 ]
- Use of Virtual Learning Environment ( VLE )
- Staff Choice
- Pedagogy Rather than Technology
- Flexibility
- Interactivity
- Independent Learning and Access to Information
- Monitoring Student Progress
- Complementary Approach
- Two Positions of Learning
- Teaching Improvements
- Changes in Student Attitudes
- Quantifiable Improvement
- Learning to utilize ICT Efficaciously
- A Potential Barrier to Expansion
- Online Assessment
- Concerted Learning
The survey besides determined that the development of the most effectual ICT systems entailed active instructor and module engagement at the beginning and throughout the developmental, execution and realization / use stages. The undermentioned constitute emerging subjects which were identified as a consequence of said survey:
- Staff Participation
- Coherent Central Strategy
- Teamwork
- Cardinal Support Unit of measurements
- Barriers to Development
- Lack of Expertness
- Conflicting Precedences
- Middle Management
- Menace to Jobs
The survey concluded that instructor and module developed ICT larning systems achieved higher and better consequences. The benefits of an ICT based acquisition scheme are non found in computing machine applications or the system, but in that it provides added critical dimensions to the traditional acquisition procedure. In other words, ICT based attacks are in add-on to traditional instruction methods, modifying the procedure to include engineering that serves instead than dictates.
- Active Learning
Marquardt ( 1999 ) [ 39 ] stated that’
“…active acquisition is both a procedure and a powerful program…” and that the procedure “…involves a little group of people work outing existent jobs while…focusing on what they are learning…”
The nucleus of the procedure consists of forming a group of persons ( pupils ) who have a personal committedness to happening the solution. It utilizes a systematic procedure which addresses and identifies the constituents of a job via the undermentioned: [ 40 ]
- The Requirement that Students Write
- One Minute Documents
- Think & A ; Pair & A ; Share
- Brainstorming
- Concept Mapping
- Presentations – Labs
- Case Studies
- Role Playing
- Student Arguments and Discussion Panels
- Videos, and
- Games
The predating steps ‘activate’ pupils through engagement and therefore heighten the acquisition and keeping procedure.
- Teacher Motivation
A survey undertaken by Coxet Al( 1999 ) [ 41 ] examined the critical nature of instructor engagement and motive to encompass and to the full use ICT as a tool to heighten their bringing of capable affair and class course of studies. Given that the scrutiny of the other constituents in the ICT procedure 1. authorities enterprises, 2. ICT Strategies and Findings, and 3. As active acquisition was covered in predating chapters, this section will analyze the functions of instructors and their motive to utilize the procedure.
Students are motivated to use ICT attacks as a consequence of: [ 42 ]
- enhanced committedness to the acquisition procedure,
- increased enjoyment every bit good as involvement
- higher ego regard, and
- increased independency / assurance
A survey conducted by the UK Impact undertaking focused on the influence and impact of ITC on the acquisition of kids and it found that their committedness to work was enhanced. Robertsonet Al( 1995 ) [ 43 ] in analyzing the computing machine attitudes of instructors every bit good as pupils in a United Kingdom secondary school indicated that in general, instructors had a positive point of view refering computing machine use as an assistance in learning. Despite in surplus of over 26 old ages of a figure of governmental programmes in the United Kingdom the use, in footings of capacity and invention, of ICT system development at schools has been slower than outlook and/or desired aims. The undermentioned factors have been identified as countries which help to act upon an addition in ICT attacks: [ 44 ]
- degree of preparation,
- sum of resources devoted to ICT,
- being of a web inside of the school that supports ICT,
- and the relevancy of policies of the school refering the appropriate utilizations
Selwyn ( 1997 ) [ 45 ] uncovered that the primary hindrance in the use of computing machines by instructors consisted of a phobic disorder towards their usage. Said anxiousnesss on the portion of instructors were indicated that they could be a consequence of: [ 46 ]
- psychological factors related to non holding any control over the activity, as
- possible equipment harm,
- the feeling of ego esteem being threatened,
- socialological factors related to ICT fundamentally being a lone chase,
- the demand to hold particular accomplishments to use a computing machine,
- the possible that ICT attacks could render them as obsolete
- assorted operational factors, for illustration that the system would be beyond their capablenesss,
- slang that is non apprehensible,
- potency for the engineering to do errors
The survey approached instructors with the chances of ICT use and by the usage of specially designed inquiries found that the bulk of instructors thought ICT improved stuff presentation and made lessons more gratifying every bit good every bit enlightening every bit good as more interesting for the instructor. The execution of assorted ICT undertakings throughout the United Kingdom demonstrated a demand to inform instructors of the easiness of usage of ICT based attacks every bit good as easiness apprehensivenesss refering computing machines, engineering and other phobic disorder uncovered. The survey contained points which addressed motive and found that their mentality on utilizing the engineering increased after personal presentation and instruction on the easiness of usage every bit good as the attendant benefits achieved by instructors in other schools. When instructors became cognizant of the benefits in footings of: [ 47 ]
- heightened pupil motive,
- larning benefits
- enjoyment associated with ICT usage,
their apprehensivenesss decreased. Therefore, the motive of instructors in the usage of ICT attacks is based upon supplying them with findings and grounds of the benefits and how they can near utilizing the procedure.
- Learning Theories
Jean Piaget is acclaimed for developing what is considered a extremely influential theoretical account refering the development of a kid and how it learns. His theory is founded upon the thought that a developing kid concepts cognitive constructions, which can besides be termed mental maps, every bit good as strategies and or networked constructs to react to and understand assorted physical experiences that intrude upon or are in their environment. His theory identifies 4 development phases, along with the procedures a kid moves through as they grow: [ 48 ]
- Sensorimotor Phase
Representing the period from birth through to 2 old ages of age a kid builds his or her constructs of world and its workings from their physical interaction in their environment. This phase is where a kid is non cognizant that objects exist outside of their immediate sight.
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