punkies, biting midges
No see-ums
1-3mm long
telomophages, only females take blood meals
transmit 50 different diseases to humans and animals including viruses and filarial worms
telomophages, only females take blood meals
transmit 50 different diseases to humans and animals including viruses and filarial worms
Family Ceratopogonidae
No-see-ums
No-see-ums
telomophages
Are no-see-ums solenophages or telomophages?
Order-Diptera
Family-
Family-
Biting midge classification
complete metamorphosis
-eggs laid in aquatic or semi-aquatic areas
-adult live about 2-7 weeks
-only concerned with one genus
-culicoides
-eggs laid in aquatic or semi-aquatic areas
-adult live about 2-7 weeks
-only concerned with one genus
-culicoides
Life Cycle of Biting midge
complete metamorphosis
Biting midge – complete or incomplete metamorphosis?
Adults live up about 2-7 weeks
How long do biting midges live?
at least 28
How many species of Culicoides in Oklahoma?
dorsal mesothorax patterning
What kind of wing patterning of Culicoides?
active during later summer and fall
crepuscular
only confirmed vector of Epizootic Hemorrage
crepuscular
only confirmed vector of Epizootic Hemorrage
Culicoides sonorensis
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Focus on 2 Diseases
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
Vector: culicoides sonorensis
Host: white-tailed deer and other ruminants
Pathogen: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Host: white-tailed deer and other ruminants
Pathogen: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease
fever, loss of appetite, disorientation, weakness
Hanging head, labored breathing
“Ebola for deer”
Hanging head, labored breathing
“Ebola for deer”
EHD: Clinical Presentation
A North American disease
Most WILD ruminants susceptible
cattle can be infect but do not present symptoms
epizootics common
Most WILD ruminants susceptible
cattle can be infect but do not present symptoms
epizootics common
EHD Epizootology
Hemorrhagic diseases are one of the deadliest pathogens of white-tailed deer
Humans can’t be infect by bites or by eating meat from sick animals
Humans can’t be infect by bites or by eating meat from sick animals
Relevance
has occurred in the US since early 1900s
Raised for venison or sold to game ranches
30,000 jobs and $3 billion annually
Raised for venison or sold to game ranches
30,000 jobs and $3 billion annually
Captive While Tailed Deer Industry
close proximity
limited range
sources of midges
proper breeding stock selection
restriction of genetics
limited range
sources of midges
proper breeding stock selection
restriction of genetics
Issues with Captive Deer
other North american species affect
may be a risk factor for threatened species
…
may be a risk factor for threatened species
…
Other Ruminants
Early symptoms
…
Deer drinking a lot or standing in water
3 levels of severity
…
Deer drinking a lot or standing in water
3 levels of severity
Symptoms of EHDV
reduce midge larval habitats
insecticides and repellents
…
Co2 baited traps luring midges to an insecticide- treated target
insecticides and repellents
…
Co2 baited traps luring midges to an insecticide- treated target
Control of EHDV and BTV
virus transmitted by various Culicoides spp.
Worldwide disease of sheep and cattle
Discovered in 1930s in South Africa
In the US, isolated in TX, 1952; “soremuzzle”
…
Worldwide disease of sheep and cattle
Discovered in 1930s in South Africa
In the US, isolated in TX, 1952; “soremuzzle”
…
Bluetongue Virus (BTV)
…
Bluetongue Locality
Africa
…
North America
…
Europe
…
Australia
…
Caribbean
…
…
North America
…
Europe
…
Australia
…
Caribbean
…
Important Bluetongue Vectors
…
cyanotic mouth/tongue – “blue tongue”
…
cyanotic mouth/tongue – “blue tongue”
…
Bluetongue Symptoms
Viruses
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease and Bluetongue are caused by which kind of pathogen?
epizootic hemorrhagic disease
Which is known as ‘Ebola for Deer’?
Order – Diptera
Family – Tabanidae
Family – Tabanidae
Horse fly and Deer Fly Classification
Family also includes deer flies
-tabanus genus are horse flies
-chryops genus are deer flies
…
-tabanus genus are horse flies
-chryops genus are deer flies
…
Horse fly and Deer Fly biology
telmophages
-not efficient vectors
Diurnal feeders
-excellent eyesight
Two most important tabanid-transmitted human diseases
-loiasis
-tularemia
-not efficient vectors
Diurnal feeders
-excellent eyesight
Two most important tabanid-transmitted human diseases
-loiasis
-tularemia
Tabanids as vectors
…
Bioterrorism pathogen: Tularemia
Oklahoma is 6th highest incidence rate for tularemia
C. mouthparts
If Tabanids are telmophages, which part of the fly helps transmit tularemia?
A. LEgs
B. Midgut
C. Mouthparts
D. Salivary Glands
A. LEgs
B. Midgut
C. Mouthparts
D. Salivary Glands
Why are wolves dying in Yellowstone?
Class-Arachnida
Subclass – Acari
Order – Mesostigmata
– Prostigmata
– Astigmata
Subclass – Acari
Order – Mesostigmata
– Prostigmata
– Astigmata
Mite classification
Mesostigmata
Astigmata
chigger mites
Prostigmata
by phoresy
How are mites spread?
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chiggers and mites
dust mites
chiggers
scabies
chiggers
scabies
Problems with MItes
10 families and 19
species of mites
– house dust
– one single urban
community
• When populations
reach high levels in a home = house‐dust
allergy.
• Where might you find
5,000 dust mites per
gram of material?
species of mites
– house dust
– one single urban
community
• When populations
reach high levels in a home = house‐dust
allergy.
• Where might you find
5,000 dust mites per
gram of material?
A reason to clean your house: house-dust mites
House‐dust mites are strongly associated with
asthma in urban settings
asthma in urban settings
Why care about house-dust mites?
bed
Where might you find 5,000 dust mites per gram of material?
Actually the only blood feeding stage is the
larvae.
• It quests on grass or other plants like ticks.
• After feeding it drops off into the soil and
spends the remainder of its life in the soil
feeding on small arthropods.
• Adults are only about 1/20 inch.
larvae.
• It quests on grass or other plants like ticks.
• After feeding it drops off into the soil and
spends the remainder of its life in the soil
feeding on small arthropods.
• Adults are only about 1/20 inch.
Chiggers
• Short mouthparts
• Use the host’s own skin.
• Salivary secretions
– break down cells
– cause the surrounding
tissue to harden.
• This creates a strawlike
tube called a stylostome.
• The longer the chigger
feeds, the longer the
stylostome becomes, and
the deeper it penetrates
into the skin
• Use the host’s own skin.
• Salivary secretions
– break down cells
– cause the surrounding
tissue to harden.
• This creates a strawlike
tube called a stylostome.
• The longer the chigger
feeds, the longer the
stylostome becomes, and
the deeper it penetrates
into the skin
Why do chiggers itch so bad?
• The best defense: to avoid them.
– Wear protective clothing, such as long pants, long‐sleeved
shirts and shoes or boots, when venturing into chigger habitats.
• Take a warm, soapy shower or bath within a few hours after
exposure to chiggers to reduce the number and severity of
bites.
• Commercially available insect repellents containing DEET
(N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide) offer protection from
chiggers and insects.
• Apply products containing permethrin (such as Permanone® Tick Repel
– Wear protective clothing, such as long pants, long‐sleeved
shirts and shoes or boots, when venturing into chigger habitats.
• Take a warm, soapy shower or bath within a few hours after
exposure to chiggers to reduce the number and severity of
bites.
• Commercially available insect repellents containing DEET
(N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide) offer protection from
chiggers and insects.
• Apply products containing permethrin (such as Permanone® Tick Repel
How to keep from getting chiggers
Hieroglyphs from Egypt
suggest that scabies has
been plaguing human
kind for 2,500 years.
• Leviticus in the Bible
mentions a disease like
scabies.
• Many scientists studied
the disease and the
mite but no connection
was made.
suggest that scabies has
been plaguing human
kind for 2,500 years.
• Leviticus in the Bible
mentions a disease like
scabies.
• Many scientists studied
the disease and the
mite but no connection
was made.
Early history of Scabies
• Saw peasants in the
market place removing
mites using needles
• He wrote on July 18th
1687
– “having frequently
observed that the poor women, when their
children are troubled with
the itch, do with the point
of a pin pull out of the
scabby skin little bladders
of water, and crack them
like fleas upon their nails…. it came into my mind to examine what these
bladders might really be.”
market place removing
mites using needles
• He wrote on July 18th
1687
– “having frequently
observed that the poor women, when their
children are troubled with
the itch, do with the point
of a pin pull out of the
scabby skin little bladders
of water, and crack them
like fleas upon their nails…. it came into my mind to examine what these
bladders might really be.”
Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo (1663‐1696)
• Bonomo looked at one
under the microscope
– “I found it to be a very
minute living creature, in
shape resembling a
tortoise of whitish color,
a little dark upon the
back, with some thin and
long hairs, of nimble
motion, with six feet, a
sharp head, with two
little horns at the end of
the snout.”
under the microscope
– “I found it to be a very
minute living creature, in
shape resembling a
tortoise of whitish color,
a little dark upon the
back, with some thin and
long hairs, of nimble
motion, with six feet, a
sharp head, with two
little horns at the end of
the snout.”
The Great Discovery
Contagious skin infection
caused by the mite
Sarcoptes scabiei.
• Also called mange.
• The tiny mite burrows
under the host’s skin,
causing intense allergic
itching.
• Treatment: topical
permethrin or oral
ivermectin
caused by the mite
Sarcoptes scabiei.
• Also called mange.
• The tiny mite burrows
under the host’s skin,
causing intense allergic
itching.
• Treatment: topical
permethrin or oral
ivermectin
Scabies
What do scabies mites eat?
-What habitats harbor the most chiggers?
Why?
Why?
• What is the lifecycle of the mites?
• What is wrong with the wolves in the thermal
imaging picture?
imaging picture?
In your house, bed, feed on dead skin cells
• Where do house dust mite live? What do they
eat?
eat?
they are strongly associated with asthma in urban settings
• Why are house dust mites important in human
health?
health?
blood feeding families
Hemiptera
true bugs
soft-bodied, two paris of wings, sucking mouth parts
name means “half wing”
90k species
-hetero
…
soft-bodied, two paris of wings, sucking mouth parts
name means “half wing”
90k species
-hetero
…
Insecta: Himiptera
Vector:
Kissing bug (Triatoma)
• Host:
Humans and other
animals
• Pathogen:
Trypanosoma cruzi
Kissing bug (Triatoma)
• Host:
Humans and other
animals
• Pathogen:
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas Disease
• Assassin Bugs, Ambush
Bugs, Thread‐Legged
Bugs
• 25 sub‐families
• Some can bite, but only
1 SubFamily is a vector:
Triatominae
Bugs, Thread‐Legged
Bugs
• 25 sub‐families
• Some can bite, but only
1 SubFamily is a vector:
Triatominae
Reduviidae
Five tribes, 17 genera,
130 species
• Kissing bugs, conenoses,
vinchucas, chinches, and
barbeiros
• Large, softbodied
• Two most important
tribes: Triatomini and
Rhodini
130 species
• Kissing bugs, conenoses,
vinchucas, chinches, and
barbeiros
• Large, softbodied
• Two most important
tribes: Triatomini and
Rhodini
Triatominae
• Tribe Triatomini
– Triatoma spp.
• Triatoma infestans
– Panstrongylus spp.
• Tribe Rhodiini
– Rhodinius spp.
• Rhodnius prolixus
– Triatoma spp.
• Triatoma infestans
– Panstrongylus spp.
• Tribe Rhodiini
– Rhodinius spp.
• Rhodnius prolixus
Triatomins are Chagas Disease Vectors
What makes an efficient vector?
They sneak up on their
host and feed . . .
– Analgesic
• After the bite the skin
itches intensely.
• Why would this
approach make a better
vector?
host and feed . . .
– Analgesic
• After the bite the skin
itches intensely.
• Why would this
approach make a better
vector?
• Protozoa: Subphylum
Kinetoplasta
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Includes Chagas
disease, Sleeping
Sickness, Leishmania
Kinetoplasta
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Includes Chagas
disease, Sleeping
Sickness, Leishmania
Chagas Disease: Pathogen
• Sexual stages probably in bug
• Transmission occurs at night
• NOT injected into host – develops in the
midgut
• Host rubs fecal material in wound or eye
• Transmission occurs at night
• NOT injected into host – develops in the
midgut
• Host rubs fecal material in wound or eye
Transmission of T. cruzi
Eating an infected bug
(wild animals)
• Feeding on infected prey
(humans and wild
animals)
• Ingesting feces on food or . . . .
– “fecal rain”
• Blood transfusion
• Bleeding nipples during
breast feeding
(wild animals)
• Feeding on infected prey
(humans and wild
animals)
• Ingesting feces on food or . . . .
– “fecal rain”
• Blood transfusion
• Bleeding nipples during
breast feeding
Other ways to become infected…
Chagoma
• Romana’s eye
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Enlarged liver or spleen
• Myocarditis
• Encephalitis
• Romana’s eye
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Enlarged liver or spleen
• Myocarditis
• Encephalitis
Acute Chagas
• Mostly the poorest people in
the population
• Poor housing construction
– Close proximity to animal
quarters/dens
– Many rodents or other wild
animals in the area
– Rough walled huts
– Thatch roof
– Palm roof
• Thousands may inhabit a single house.
• A single person may
the population
• Poor housing construction
– Close proximity to animal
quarters/dens
– Many rodents or other wild
animals in the area
– Rough walled huts
– Thatch roof
– Palm roof
• Thousands may inhabit a single house.
• A single person may
Risk Factors for Chagas Disease
• Discovered the
trypanosome
responsible for Chagas
disease and the
triatomid bug
responsible for its
transmission to people.
• 1911
trypanosome
responsible for Chagas
disease and the
triatomid bug
responsible for its
transmission to people.
• 1911
Carlos Chagas
• Discovered in Brazil by
Carlos Chagas
• First VBD described by a
single scientist
• Immortalized in Brazil,
and in name.
Carlos Chagas
• First VBD described by a
single scientist
• Immortalized in Brazil,
and in name.
Chagas Disease
T or F the best way to reduce the risk of Chagas is to improve someone’s living condition
True
amblyomma maculatum infestations
Gotch ear
average tick burden: 37,000 ticks per moose
Ghost Moose Syndrome
Are ticks insects?
No
Tick’s only blood meal
blood
Tick’s Classification
Kingdom – Animalia
• Phylum – Arthropoda
• Class – Arachnida
• Subclass – Acari
Order – Ixodida
Family- Ixodidae – Hard ticks
• Both ticks and mites
belong to Acari.
• Phylum – Arthropoda
• Class – Arachnida
• Subclass – Acari
Order – Ixodida
Family- Ixodidae – Hard ticks
• Both ticks and mites
belong to Acari.
The second most diverse group of animals on
the planet today with insects being the first.
• They are
– Parasites
– Vectors of disease
– Producers of allergens
– Responsible for millions of dollars worth of
economic losses each year as a result of
infestations of our agricultural systems.
the planet today with insects being the first.
• They are
– Parasites
– Vectors of disease
– Producers of allergens
– Responsible for millions of dollars worth of
economic losses each year as a result of
infestations of our agricultural systems.
Acari
They are ubiquitous yet nearly invisible in
their existence.
• Members of every major ecosystem on earth
-Our backyards
-Geothermal springs of Yellowstone
– Subcutaneous tissue of turtles
-Human hair follicles
their existence.
• Members of every major ecosystem on earth
-Our backyards
-Geothermal springs of Yellowstone
– Subcutaneous tissue of turtles
-Human hair follicles
Ticks
What they do to get food
What they do WITH that food
What they do WITH that food
Tick behaviors
scutum
Tick anatomy
Hard vs. Soft Ticks
diagram in notes
Ixodidae
Hard ticks
Argasidae
Soft ticks
hard thermal plate
Scutum
white dot on back
Female lonestar tick
not their heads
Amblyomma Americanum
Dermacentor Va
Amblyomma Americanum
Dermacentor Va
Mouthparts or Capitulum
Chemical arsenals
full of everything they need to stick to you and feed on you
anticoagulants
full of everything they need to stick to you and feed on you
anticoagulants
Tick Salivary Glands
(hard ticks)
slow feeders
slow feeders
Ixodid ticks
What are the
adaptations of
ticks to the
ectoparasitic life?
adaptations of
ticks to the
ectoparasitic life?
Each leg has a hook
Sense Organ: Co2 and temperature
(Haller’s organ)
Ticks breathe
Ticks have eyes
Sense Organ: Co2 and temperature
(Haller’s organ)
Ticks breathe
Ticks have eyes
production of egg masses
oviposition
• If they live in so many different habitats how
can they maintain this balance?
can they maintain this balance?
The answer is not blood feeding – many ticks
spend much of their time off host.
They go into the ground and pull moisture out of the atmosphere. Cannot be out in the heat of the day
spend much of their time off host.
They go into the ground and pull moisture out of the atmosphere. Cannot be out in the heat of the day
So maintaining water balance is a delicate process for them.
ticks have a thin exoskeleton
Specifics of Egg laying . . .
Hard ticks
Hard ticks
After mating, females attach for 24‐48 hours
• Once engorged they drop off and find a sheltered
location
• They then lay their eggs in a single continuous
mass during a period of many days or weeks.
• Females die after laying their eggs.
• Once engorged they drop off and find a sheltered
location
• They then lay their eggs in a single continuous
mass during a period of many days or weeks.
• Females die after laying their eggs.
Specifics of Egg laying . . .
Soft ticks
Soft ticks
• Mated females take several small blood meals and lay
several batches of eggs.
• Mating may take place more than once.
• Feeding only takes 35‐70 minutes compared with
hard ticks that can take up to 5‐7 days.
several batches of eggs.
• Mating may take place more than once.
• Feeding only takes 35‐70 minutes compared with
hard ticks that can take up to 5‐7 days.
Enhance human exposure
to ticks and tick-borne pathogens!
to ticks and tick-borne pathogens!
Dogs
Which type of tick feeds longer?
Adult hard ticks
What is the genus of biting midge that transmits blue tongue virus and Epizootic Hemorragic Disease virus?
Culicoides
Humans can get EHD from biting midge bites or eating infected deer meat
False
How can tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis be transmitted to a human?
– Biological transmission by tick
– Mechanical transmission by deer
flies
– Handling dead infected rabbits
– Mechanical transmission by deer
flies
– Handling dead infected rabbits
What was killing the wolves in Yellowstone?
scabies
The kissing bugs, assassin bugs, and wheel bugs are in what family?
Reduviidae
What parasite, that causes Chagas disease, do kissing bugs transmit by posterior transmission?
T. cruzi
What is the term for the swelling around the eye caused by infection with Chagas disease?
Romana’s sign
Kissing bugs (triatomids) only blood feed as adults
False
The kissing bug is in the same order of
insects as the . . .A. Beetles
B. Horse flies
C. Bed bugs
D. Fleas
E. Lice
insects as the . . .A. Beetles
B. Horse flies
C. Bed bugs
D. Fleas
E. Lice
C. bed bugs
Tick’s only source of food is blood
T or F
T or F
True
How many species of ticks worldwide?
850 species worldwide
Three Families of Ticks
– Ixodidae (hard ticks)
– Argasidae (soft ticks)
– Nuttalliellidae
– Argasidae (soft ticks)
– Nuttalliellidae
Lone Star Tick
– Amblyomma maculatum ‐ Gulf Coast Tick
– Dermacentor albipictus – Winter Tick
– Dermacentor andersoni ‐ Rocky Mountain Wood Tick
– Dermacentor occidentalis ‐ Pacific Coast Tick
– Amblyomma maculatum ‐ Gulf Coast Tick
– Dermacentor albipictus – Winter Tick
– Dermacentor andersoni ‐ Rocky Mountain Wood Tick
– Dermacentor occidentalis ‐ Pacific Coast Tick
Amblyomma americanum ‐ Lone Star Tick
American Dog Tick
– Ixodes pacificus – Western Black‐legged Tick
– Ixodes pacificus – Western Black‐legged Tick
• Dermacentor variabilis ‐ American Dog Tick
Black Legged Tick
– Otobius megnini ‐ Spinose Ear Tick (soft tick)
– Otobius megnini ‐ Spinose Ear Tick (soft tick)
• Ixodes scapularis ‐ Black Legged Tick
Brown Dog Tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus ‐
• A tick‐borne disease will ONLY happen if…
an area which supports the development of the
tick vector species which is competent for the
specific bacteria.
tick vector species which is competent for the
specific bacteria.
attach for longer periods as
larvae, but then, as adults, use a feed‐and‐hide
strategy (feed times 30 minutes or less)
larvae, but then, as adults, use a feed‐and‐hide
strategy (feed times 30 minutes or less)
Soft ticks (Argasid)
attach strongly for varying
periods of time (multiple days)
• One‐host, two‐host, and three‐host ixodid ticks
• Vary from host‐specific to feeding on a broad range
of vertebrate hosts
• Relevant to pathogen transmission
periods of time (multiple days)
• One‐host, two‐host, and three‐host ixodid ticks
• Vary from host‐specific to feeding on a broad range
of vertebrate hosts
• Relevant to pathogen transmission
Hard ticks (Ixodid)
transfer from
one generation to the next through the egg
Spotted fever group rickettsiae
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Colorado tick fever virus
one generation to the next through the egg
Spotted fever group rickettsiae
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Colorado tick fever virus
Transovarial transmission
transfer from
one life stage to the next stage
Lyme borreliae
Ehrlichia organisms
Anaplasma organisms
Babesia parasites
one life stage to the next stage
Lyme borreliae
Ehrlichia organisms
Anaplasma organisms
Babesia parasites
Transstadial transmission
Ticks and their associated diseases are
focally distributed
focally distributed
clustered
• Lyme disease and other borrelioses
• Rickettsioses
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• STARI
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia
• Colorado tick fever
• Powassan encephalitis
• Heartland virus
• Bourbon virus
• Rickettsioses
• Ehrlichiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• STARI
• Babesiosis
• Tularemia
• Colorado tick fever
• Powassan encephalitis
• Heartland virus
• Bourbon virus
Tick-borne diseases in USA
What is the most common vector borne disease in the US?
Lyme disease
300,000 cases/year
Only 10% are diagnosed
300,000 cases/year
Only 10% are diagnosed
What causes lyme disease?
Caused by bacteria spirochete,
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia burgdorferi
How is lyme disease transmitted?
Transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and
Ixodes pacificus
Ixodes pacificus
Rickettsia rickettsii
• Bacteria
• Most severe rickettsial illness of humans
• Bacteria
• Most severe rickettsial illness of humans
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rash (not always)
Fever, lethargy,
vomiting, anorexia
Lameness due to
myalgia
High fatality rates
particularly if
antibiotic treatment
delayed / not
instituted
Don’t wait for a rash
to decide to treat!!!
Fatal if not treated promptly
Fever, lethargy,
vomiting, anorexia
Lameness due to
myalgia
High fatality rates
particularly if
antibiotic treatment
delayed / not
instituted
Don’t wait for a rash
to decide to treat!!!
Fatal if not treated promptly
When to suspect rickettsial infection
• Bacteria: Ehrlichia
chaffeensis
• Primary vector : Tick:
Amblyomma americanum
• Reservoirs may be dogs, wild
canids, and deer
• Similar disease in humans
chaffeensis
• Primary vector : Tick:
Amblyomma americanum
• Reservoirs may be dogs, wild
canids, and deer
• Similar disease in humans
Ehrlichiosis
• Recently recognized tick‐borne pathogen
• Mild spotted fever with eschar, a skin lesion with a
necrotic center
• First case identified in Tidewater, Virginia; now have
about 30‐40 cases identified
• Organism known for >60 years before recognized as a
human pathogen
• Mild spotted fever with eschar, a skin lesion with a
necrotic center
• First case identified in Tidewater, Virginia; now have
about 30‐40 cases identified
• Organism known for >60 years before recognized as a
human pathogen
Rickettsia parkeri
Rickettsia parkeri has been specifically identified
in Amblyomma maculatum ticks from Alabama,
Georgia, Mississippi, Virginia, Texas, and
Oklahoma (and wider)
in Amblyomma maculatum ticks from Alabama,
Georgia, Mississippi, Virginia, Texas, and
Oklahoma (and wider)
Amblyomma maculatum
Ehrlichia ewingii – named after Dr. Ewing at
the OSU Vet school
• Tularemia (bacteria) – associated with rabbits
• STARI ‐ Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness
– Bacteria: Borrelia like Lyme
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum
– Ixodes scapularis – ticks
– Bacteria
the OSU Vet school
• Tularemia (bacteria) – associated with rabbits
• STARI ‐ Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness
– Bacteria: Borrelia like Lyme
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum
– Ixodes scapularis – ticks
– Bacteria
Other possible Tick‐borne diseases in
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
• Newly discovered phlebovirus in Missouri,
Tennessee, and Oklahoma
• Related to a tick‐borne virus from China
• Symptoms: fever and lethargy
• Vectored by Lone Star ticks in United States
Tennessee, and Oklahoma
• Related to a tick‐borne virus from China
• Symptoms: fever and lethargy
• Vectored by Lone Star ticks in United States
Heartland Virus
Acute febrile illness without apparent cause
(fever, malaise, lethargy + other symptoms)
Onset during May-September (high tick activity)
History of tick bite or exposure
Persons at risk for tick bite (occupation??)
History of travel to endemic areas (US and
global travel)
Rash not always a feature
(fever, malaise, lethargy + other symptoms)
Onset during May-September (high tick activity)
History of tick bite or exposure
Persons at risk for tick bite (occupation??)
History of travel to endemic areas (US and
global travel)
Rash not always a feature
When to Suspect Tick-borne illness
Family including biting midges, punkies, and no-see-ums.
Ceratopogonidae
Epizootic Hermorrhagic disease
Ebola for deer
Cullicoides spp
Bluetongue Virus (BTV) is transmited by:
Sheep and Cattle
Blue Tongue virus affects what animal?
Virus
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease and Bluetongue are caused by which kind of pathogen?
Tularemia
Bioterrorism pathogen,
Biological by tick
Mechanical Transmission by deer flies
Handling dead infected rabbits
Mechanical Transmission by deer flies
Handling dead infected rabbits
Tularemia is transmitted:
Francisella tularensis
Name of bacteria that causes Tularemia and is transmitted by deer flies?
Arachnida
What class do mites belong?
Larvae
Chiggers blood feed during which stage?
Scabies
Which of the following problems is caused by burrowing mites?
NO
Can humans be infected by bites of eating meat from animals sick from Hemorrhagic diseases?
Culicoides Sonoerensis
Vector of Epizootic Hermorrhagic Disease Virus(EHDV) is.
White tailed deer and other ruminants
Host of Epizootic Hermorrhagic Disease Virus(EHDV) is.
EHDV
Pathogen of Epizootic Hermorrhagic Disease Virus(EHDV) is.
Tabanus
Horse fly Genus
Chryops
Deer fly genus
Yes, True
Are kissing bugs and assassin bugs mites?
Reduviidae
1 Subfamily is a vector: Triatominae
1 Subfamily is a vector: Triatominae
Assassin bugs
Kissing Bug
What is the vector of Chagas Disease?
Humans and other animals
What is the host of Chagas Disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
Pathogen of Chagas Disease?
Malaria
Leishmania
African sleeping sickness
Nagana
Leishmania
African sleeping sickness
Nagana
All are caused by protozoa
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a protozoa?
Subphylum Kinetoplasta
What protozoa causes Chagas Disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas Pathogen
triatominae
Kissing bugs
Chagas Disease
Which of the following diseases are transmitted via posterior station?
At night
When does transmission of T. cruzi occur?
In the midgut
Where does T. cruzi develop?
Acute chagas
Romana’s sign
poor housing construction
Risk factor for chagas disease
mites
Ticks are
arachnida
Class of ticks
Acari
Ticks and mites subclass
Ixodidae
Hard ticks are in what family?
Argasidae
Soft ticks are in what family?
Telmophage
What type of feeding do ticks exemplify?
35-70 minutes VS 5-7 days
How long does it take a soft tick to feed compared to a hard Tick?
Arachnida
What class are mites?
Demodex
What genus/type of mite is commonly found on humans at all times in your eyebrows and eyelashes?
Ehrilichiosis
Tularemia
Lyme Disease
Tularemia
Lyme Disease
What are some tick borne diseases?
one generation, through the egg
Transovarial transmission is the transfer of a pathogen from _____ to the next _____.
one life stage, stage
Transstadial transmitssin is the transfer of a pathogen from ______ to the next ______.
where competent ticks are found, clustered
Tick disease only happen _________ and are _______.
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacteria transmitted by ticks and causes ________, which is the most common vector-bornes disease in the US.
Ixodes scapularis
Lyme Disease is transmitted by what species of tick?
Rickettsia rickettsii
What bacteria causes Rocky mountain spotted fever, a tick-borne disease?
ticks
Ehrlichiosis is transmitted by
Cantharadin
What chemical produced by blister beetles causes skin blistering in humans and potential death is consumed?
Their hairs have poison cells which cause pain.
Why are hairy caterpillars dangerous?
bite. Due to poison jaws. but they dont carry disease
Centipedes deliver a painful….
Invasion of vertebrates by Diptera Larvae
Myiasis
Telmophage
What type of insect feeding style hurts more?
Vibration, carbon dioxide, temperature.
Sensory structures of insects allow them to detect which of the following?
Contact with a suitable vector, ability to survive and mature in the vector, and the density of host population
What factors could affect a pathogen’s ability to find a host?
Proved that fleas transmit plague
Paul-Louis Simond
First to demonstrate that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water
John Snow
Proved that mosquitoes transmit malaria
Sir Ronal Ross
mites, lice, bed bugs, fleas
Some ectoparasitic arthropods may be transmitted by fomites. What anthropods are transmitted by fomites
primary myiasis, and obligatory myiasis
Bot flies and screwworms are examples of
HPV, influenza, West Nile virus
Bed bugs DO NOT transmit which diseases?
Solenophage
An insect that feeds by penetrating individual capillaries and then feeds directly on the host’s blood is a
heat treatment
What is/are the best ways to treat bed bugs correctly?
carbon dioxide and motion
What cues does an ectoparasite use to find a host
When the Europeans came to the Americas
When did bed bugs begin appearing in the Americas?
is located on the first pair of legs in the arthropods which possess the organ, and is only found in ticks and detects carbon dioxide
The Haller’s organ….
Sir Patrick Manson (father lives in a mansion)
Who is considered to be the “father of Tropical medicine”
public health
Making sure that malaria from Haiti does not enter the mosquito populations in the US is part of the realm of
Extrinsic incubation
After feeding on an infected person, the malaria parasite develops inside the mosquito for 14 days before it can be transmitted to another person. This is an example of
mosquitoes and horse flies
What arthropods use active host searching as the main host finding strategy
Availability of water, nutrients in the water, the dark and light cycles throughout the year
What factors affect the vitality of a vector
Walter Reed
Who discovered mosquitos carry yellow fever?
Millions of sterile males are/were released to eradicate whole populations, females only breed once so when they breed with sterile males they will never produce viable young, males are irradiated to make them sterile
In the sterile male technique involving screwworm…
Chemotaxis, Thermotaxis, Visual Stimulus
What is the progression of events in which a mosquito actively locates its next bloodmeal?
Cimex lectularis
The scientific name for the bed bug is
Bot Flies
The larvae of this kind of fly burrow into the skin of an animal and feed on blood or secretions. The adults of this fly don’t feed on blood. Humans are only accidental hosts of this type of myiasis.
African Sleeping Sickness
For What disease is Sir David Bruce credited for discovering the insect vector?
A virus transmitted by an arthropod
The ‘ARBOVIRUS’ means?
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the organism that causes malaria?
Flea dirt, which are the fecal pellets of the adults.
What is the main source of food for larval fleas?
Aedes
The primary vector for dengue and chikungunya is which of the following?
They are suffocated
Kerosene was effectively used to clear mosquitoes out of Havana, Cuba in efforts lead by Dr. William Gorgas. Why does kerosene kill mosquito larvae so effectively?
Determined that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquito bite
Dr. Walter Reed
River Blindness (oncherciasis)
Which of the following disease is NOT transmitted by mosquito?
Mites
Insects have 6 legs and arachnids have 8 legs. Each class has blood sucking insects. Which of the following are arachnids?
Body lice
Of the lice that we covered in class, which type transmits Rickettsia prowazekii which causes epidemic typhus?
Leishmania sp.
Which of the following organisms causes both visceral and cutaneous diseases and is transmitted by sandflies?
They have a hatchet shape in their wing.
Why are TseTse flies called hatchet flies?
Nagana
This disease only affects African animals. It is transmitted by tsetse flies but does not affect humans.
Nits
What is the term for the eggs that lice lay at the base of one’s hair?
True
Fleas are laterally flattened. TRUE or FALSE
Mosquito
Which of the following insects is a solenophage feeder?
Plague
What disease has claimed more human lives that all wars ever fought?
Plague
Yersinia pestis causes which of the following disease?
A clogged proventriculus
If there is a pandemic of Plague, then there must be many fleas with what?
African sleeping sickness
Which of the following diseases is transmitted by tsetse flies?
Soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan
What is one reason doctors in the US are seeing more cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in recent years?
Protozoa
Leishmania is caused by what?
virus
What causes Dengue?
River blindness
Black flies transmit what disease?
Anterior station
What is the form of transmission called when a pathogen develops in the salivary glands of an insect and is transmitted into the host when the insect probes for a blood meal?
Plague
What flea-borne disease wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population in the 1300s during the Black Death pandemic?
Close sexual contact or fomites
What is the main way that Pthirus pubis spread?
Search for a blood meal like their mothers
If the developmental cycle of a blood sucking arthropod undergoes incomplete metamorphosis then the larvae usually…
Crepuscular
You travel to Belize for vacation. Since you know there will be many mosquitoes and you want to avoid getting Dengue, you decide to do most of your site-seeing during late morning and early afternoon. However you notice there are still high numbers of mosquitoes that bite during the day and after dare. This confuses you bc back in Oklahoma, the mosquitoes you know only bite at dawn and dusk. What is the feeding pattern of mosquitoes in Oklahoma?
True
Of the two types of biters, telmophages are less efficient at transmitting pathogens than solenophages. TRUE OR FALSE
Brugia malayi OR Wuchereria bancrofti
Elephantiasis is an infection of the lymphatic system caused by…
Nocternal periodicity
Fliarial worms disappear from the blood stream of a patient during the day and appear only at night. What is the term that best describes this phenomena?
Egg production
Female arthropods seek blood meals for which main purpose?
In the mosquito
The invasion of the midgut cells by Dengue virus takes place during the initial stages of the extrinsic incubation period. Where does this event occur in the Dengue cycle?
Bursting of red blood cells by the parasites
What causes the cyclic paroxysms (fever/chills cycles) of malaria?
Birds
What is the principle reservoir of West Nile virus?
Malaria and Chikungunya
Humans are the main reservoirs for which of the following diseases?
West Nile, Dengue, Malaria
What diseases are transmitted by anterior station transmission?
False
Filarial Worms that cause Onchoceriasis are smaller in size than bacteria that cause plague. TRUE or FALSE
They are pupiparous (bearing fully developed larve)
What unique aspect do tsetse flies have that is not present in any of the other flies we have talked about?
Jump 200 times their body length
What does the protein, resilin, allows fleas to do that is highly unique?
Wuchereria bancrofti (whatcha care about lymphatic filariasis)
Which of the following pathogens is a species that causes Lymphatic filariasis?
Mosquito
Yellow fever virus is transmitted by which of the following insects?
Yellow fever virus
What virus was strongly associated with the slave trade and fear of getting infected with this virus strongly affected where generals wanted to be stationed in the US Civil war?
African Sleeping sickness
What disease is a risk for big game hunters in the hot, dry savannah areas of Africa?
nidiculous
Fleas like to spend most of their time off their hosts, associated with ‘nests’ and hiding in cracks and dry areas where their hosts spend much of their time. They mainly will feed when their host is sleeping. This type of behavior is blood feeding insects is called
Chikungunya
Which of the following diseases we discussed had a significant outbreak in the Carribean between December 2013 and August 2014?
Forests
Yellow fever virus mainly exists in a ‘sylvatic cycle’ This means that is mainly circulates in which environment?
An infectious person visiting the US or returning from a visit, a mosquito species in which that pathogen could develop, having that competent mosquito species in the vicinity of the infectious person.
What do we need for one of those vector-borne disease that occur in ‘other’ places to establish in the US?
Quinine
Gin and tonic was the first malarial drug in the tropics used by colonizing Europeans. Which ingredient in the tonic water kills the malaria parasite?
River Blindness
What disease has never been recorded as locally transmitted within the US?
Mites
Scabies is a contagious skin infection caused by what?
Cattle and Horses
Which animals can become so disturbed that they can injure themselves with specific types of flies are in their pasture?
Signs of neglect/abuse, presence of cannabis in someone’s room, putting the suspect at the scene of a crime
Insects have been used as evidence in which of the following types of cases?
Eating those who do not conform
Social insects use a variety of ways to keep order in their colonies. Based on the movie that we saw, what is NOT one of the ways used to keep order in their colonies?
Tularemia
What diseases/conditions transmitted by insects directly affects humans?
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease
Which of the following is known as ‘Ebola for deer’
No-see-ums
Another name for flies in the Genus Culicoides is
False
Ticks are insects. TRUE OR FALSE
Demodex
What genus/type of mite is commonly found on humans at all times in your eyebrows and eyelashes?
Culicoides sonorensis
What is the scientific name of the insect that transmits Bluetongue Virus?
Chagas Disease
What is NOT a human health problem cause or transmitted by mites?
Feces
House-dust allergies are triggered by a reaction to which part of the mite?
False
The tick development cycle is complete metamorphosis. TRUE or FALSE
Bacteria
Tularemia is cause by Francisella tularensis which is a ______?
Mouthparts
What is the primary organ used by flies to mechanically move bacteria from fecal sources to food?
Soft ticks
Which type of tick feeds for a shorter period of time?
Cantharadin
What chemical is secreted by blister beetles that can cause skin blistering and potential death in horses if consumed?
False
Horse flies do not transmit diseases very well because they are solenophage feeders. TRUE or FALSE
Host Color
What is NOT detected by the Haller’s organ on the first pair of legs of ticks?
Salivary secretions and fecal secretions
The primary reaction to a scaies infection is an immune raction to which components?
Trypanosoma cruzi
Reduviid or Kissing bugs transmit what pathogen?
Tularemia
Rabbits are a significant reservoir for which of the following diseases?
Tularemia
What disease is transmitted by mechanical transmission by Tabanids (horse fly, deer fly)?
Tick
Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease, is transmitted by which type of arthropod?
Rickettsia Rickettsii
Which of the following pathogens causes Rocky Mt. spotted fever?
Chagas Disease
Which of the following diseases we talked about are transmitted via posterior station?
True
Ticks feed only on blood as their food source. TRUE or FALSE
False
The main difference between flies and cockroaches in the transmission of bacterial pathogens on food is that the pathogens can grow and develop in the midgut/intestines of flies and can be transmitted via feces as well. TRUE or FALSE
Hooks on the legs
What specific adaptation allows ticks to grab your leg when you run past?
Tick
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a bacteria that causes the disease Ehrlichiosis, is transmitted by which arthropod?
Only happen where ‘competent’ ticks are found, are clustered
What best describes the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases?
FALSE
Rocky Mt spotted fever is transmitted by horse flies. TRUE or FALSE
Trypansoma cruzi
What pathogen causes Chagas Disease?
Larvae
What is the developmental stage of chigger mites that feeds on humans and causes a severe reaction?
True
Centipedes can deliver a painful bite. TRUE or FALSE
False
Myiasis is the invasion of a vertebrate host by beetle larvae? TRUE or FALSE
Healing chronic wounds and forensic testing of murder victims
Which are two beneficial ways that maggots are used in modern day society?
Living in poorly constructed housing
What is a main risk factor for becoming infected with Chagas disease?
Telmophage
Ticks use which kinds of feeding type when getting a blood meal?
Hypothesis, Predictions, Observations
What is the order of the scientific method?
False
Insects with complete metamorphosis have babies which look like the adults; whereas insects with incomplete metamorphosis have babies that look nothing like adults and have a transition stage called the pupa. True or False?
Linnaeus
who invented the classification of life?
True
Intrinsic incubation is within the human host, whereas extrinsic incubation is within the insect. True or False?
is located on the first pair of legs in the arthropods which possess the organ. And is only found in ticks and detects carbon dioxide.
The Haller’s organ…
two or three
Bed Bugs usually feed in rows of …
mosquitoes and horse flies
Select the arthropods which use active host searching as the main host finding strategy.
fungi and worms
infectious disease may include…
heart and nerve cord and muscles for the wings and legs
the thorax of insects contains the…
John Snow
who discovered the cause of the cholera epidemic in london?
availability of water and humidity
Choose factors that may infect the vitality of a vector.
density of host
choose the factors that may affect a vectors ability to find a host.
When the Europeans came to the Americas.
When did bed bugs begin appearing in the Americas?
They were living in larger groups in smaller areas.
What causes an increase in infectious disease among humans between 10,000 BCE and 1942?
By observing statistics of disease numbers, then correlation to prove their ideas.
Modern studies, unlike in the camp lazear experiment, are not allowed to use humans as subjects. So how do epidemiologists gather information about human disease?
First to Demonstrate pathogen transmission by an arthropod.
Sir Patrick Manson
First to describe bacteria under a microscope
Van Leeuwenhoek
Proved that mosquitoes transmit malaria
Sir Ronald Ross
Chemoceptors
Some insects have tiny hairs on their feet that they use for tasting substances they may be sitting on. what are these called?
All agents must be cultured in different host species.
Choose the options that are not part of Koch’s postulates…
Malaria is a rampant killer and the country is on a verge of a civil war.
What are the similarities between Rwanda in 1994 and the U.S. in 1861?
John Snow discovered Cholera and helped prove the germ theory in doing so. Sir Patrick Manson discovered that mosquitoes carry filarial worms. He was also called the Father of tropical medicine.
Select the correct associations.
Walter Reed
Who discovered that the mosquito carries yellow fever?
False
Bed Bugs are only a historical problem. In the modern era only really dirty people get bed bugs. true or false?
Host
If an organism inhabits the skin of a ____ its called an ectoparasite.
carbon dioxide, motion, lactic acid
Select the cues that an ectoparasite might use to find a host.
False
Bed bugs have piercing sucking mouthparts and complete metamorphosis. True or false?
Questing
How do ticks find a host?
Vaccinations, Antibiotics, Vector control programs, Public health education
Why has there been a decline in the death rate due to infectious disease in the U.S. since 1900?
Facilitate attachment to the host, Prevention of their removal by the host, allow them to move easily through feathers and hair.
Why are legs important for ectoparasites?
A correlation. Cum hoc ergo propter hoc.
This graph is an example of…
sensilla
Diagram with the pore and cuticle is called a…
Antennae
Where is this structure (the sensilla) usually located?
Mites, lice bed bugs, fleas
Some ectoparasitic arthropods may be transmitted by fomites. Select the correct list of arthropods below that are transmitted mainly by fomites.
primary myiasis and obligatory myiasis
Bot flies and screw worms are examples of…
Telomophage
There are two types of blood feeding arthropods. They have very different methods of feeding. Which type damages the host’s skin most?
Clean everything thoroughly and heat treatment
What is the best way to that bed bugs currently?
DDT
What pesticide was used in the 1900s which nearly eliminated bed bugs from the U.S. ?
Chitin
Insects have hard exoskeleton that is impermeable to water and provides a good physical protection. What is the exoskeleton made of?
egg
Choose the diagram that illustrates incomplete metamorphosis.
increased international travel, decrease use of broad spectrum pesticides, increase movement of people in rental properties.
why are bed bugs coming back after they were nearly eliminated?
south of the darien gap
new world screw worms are distributed…
Feed quickly so the human host won’t notice them.
Hide in small locations because they are ventrally flattened.
Hide in small locations because they are ventrally flattened.
bed bugs are nocturnal insects which…
ticks
Sitting on tall pieces of grass waiting for a host to walk by is a behavior typical of what arthropod?
with their rear end sticking out so they can breath.
on blood secretions of cells.
on blood secretions of cells.
Larvae of the bot fly feed…
Taxis and Airplanes
Of the locations below where are bed bugs commonly found?
True
Untreated cases of screw worm myiasis may be fatal. In fatal cases there is usually a second species of fly that causes additional damage. Bacterial infections are also prevalent in fatal screw worm cases. True or false?
males are irradiated to make them sterile, females only breed once, millions of sterile males are released.
In the sterile male technique…
none of the above
Bed Bugs transmit…
Kingdom
choose the option which has the classification scheme in correct order.
All of the above
There are bed bugs across the United States. So how can you prevent your home from being infested?
They lay their eggs on another insect which will return to a mammalian host.
How do female bot flies manage to get their larvae on to an appropriate host?
It was the first disease found to be transmitted by an arthropod.
What is historically significant about babesiosis?
beetle
Choose the arthropod that doesn’t have incomplete metamorphosis.
post decay
Dermestid beetles are found on a body during which state of decomposition?
Hair follicles
Demodex mites live in…
poision jaws and can inflict a painful bite
all centipedes have…
Oklahoma Tarantula
which of these spiders has venom that is not medically concerned?
A bacteria
What is the causative agent of scrub typhus?
Hemiptera
To what order does the kissing bug belong?
Apidae
What family do the bees belong to?
incomplete matemorphosis
Mites and ticks both have…
False
There are no treatments for chagas disease. True or false?
True
Tick are really mites. True or false?
Stingers
Oviposition is another important function of…
Fire Ant
Choose the hymenopteran with a sting pain index below level four.
crusted scabies
The most contagious form of scabies is…
soft ticks
Family Argasidae includes…
I. Scapularis
what is the vector of Babesia?
Romana’s sign
in many cases of chagas disease the first sign is called…
Necrotoxic, nuerotoxic
The brown recluse has ________ venom; whereas the black widow has _____ venom.
Nymphs which have acquired disease are most active in the summer.
What is the best explanation for the seasonal occurrence of tick diseases?
Blood clots in vital organs
What usually causes death in a case of scrub typhus?
The ability to sting more than once.
In contrast to bees, ants and wasps have…
6
How many stages are there to a blow fly life cycle?
metasoma
What is a scorpion tail called?
Deer mouse
The reservoir for bothBabesiosis and Lyme disease is…
A. americanum and D. variablis
What is the vector for E. chaffeensis?
Mouth parts that can be seen from above and lay eggs all at once.
Hard and soft ticks differ in many ways. Choose the hard ticks characteristics.
the dust mites themselves and dust mite feces
When dust mites cause allergies, the allergies are usually triggered by…
Lancets
The two parts of a hymonaptera stinger are called?
Demodex mites
The population of wolves at yellowstone park is being diminished by what parasite?
small insects that live in straw
The most important food source for the straw itch mite is…
Lay eggs in batches not all at once
Hard and soft ticks differ in many ways. Choose the soft tick characteristics.
It has recurved barbs
Why must honey bees leave their stinger behind after its first use?
carpenter bee
Choose the non stinging hymenopteran.
Darwin
Whaty famous scientist most likely had chagas on his famous journey?
Babesia
Which of these diseases was the first human disease in the U.S. shown to be transmitted by tick?
Astigmata and mesostigmata
Choose the two orders of mites that parasitize humans as a way of life.
If eaten the can be delay toxic.
Why are blister beetles dangerous to live stock?
China
Choose the country which does not have chagas disease transmission.
bacteria
Lyme disease is caused by…
Swollen tongue
choose the condition which is not typical of a chronic infection with chagas disease.
finding a host
Hallers organ is used for…
insects were colonizing the host
Post mortem interval or PMI is the minimum amount of time that…
Fresh
Blow flies and flesh flies are most commonly found on a corpse at the ______ stage.
False
The hypos tome and mandibles enter the host during feeding. True or false?
Reduviidae
Kissing bugs or chagas bugs are in the family…
Malaria
What organism is most similar to Babesia?
nursing as a baby
Most people receive follicle mites while they are…
False
Both millipedes and centipedes bite. True or false?
sphecidae
Social wasps such as the yellow jacket belong to the family…
False
All tick diseases are transovarially transmitted. True or false?
It was discovered in Lyme, Connecticut.
What is the meaning behind the name Lyme disease?
Eliminating thatch rooves
Of these options, which one would help prevent chagas disease?
specifics of male genetalia
How are fleas identified?
humans
The reservoir for both filarial worms and onchoceriasis is…
leopard skin
the death of microfilaria in the upper layers of the skin causes…
African Sleeping Sickness
transmission of ______ only occurs in africa.
The parasites affect different areas of the body.
There are three types of leshmania. How do they differ?
jump 200 times their body length
The protein resilin allows fleas to…
Anopheles gambiae
The major vector for malaria worldwide is…
flowers.
The posies referred to in the childhood song were actually…
Lice
All of these insects have complete metamorphosis except…
inside of the female fly
Larvae of the TseTse Fly develop…
Protozoan, Humans
Nagana is a _____ disease which doesn’t infect ______.
Aedes Aegypti
The primary vector of Dengue fever is…
turn red
Typhus causes the lice infected to…
yellow fever and dengue fever
The mosquito species shown in the picture above is the major medically important vector of ….
Periodic
If filarial worms disappear from the blood stream of a patient everyday for a predictable amount of time they are termed…
egg production
The main purpose of blood feeding for female arthropod is…
All of the above
Dr. Gorgas…
All of the above
How can the spread of elephantiasis be thwarted in endemic communities…
They are suffocated
How does kerosene kill mosquito larvae?
anoplura
A chewing louse may be classified into all of the following groups except…
get dengue shock syndrome
Beth travels to central america on a nature expedition….If Beth travels to another area infested with Dengue caring mosquitoes she will most likely…
All of the above
Vectorial capacity includes…
Phthiraptera
Lice
Siphonaptera
Fleas
Heminaptera
Bed Bugs
Diptera
Flies
do not blood feed
If a blood sucking arthropod has complete metamorphosis the the larval forms usually…
They have a hatchet shape in their wing
Why are TseTse flies called hatchet flies?
Diurnal and Nocturnal
You travel to Peru for vacation….The mosquitoes in Peru are…
Solenophage and Telomophage
____ insects are usually more effective at human diease transmission than _____ insects.
Proventriculus
The ____ of the flea are covered in spines which get covered with plague bacteria in Yersinia pests infected fleas.
A resivior is required.
if a disease is only transmitted horizontally then…
Culicidae
The family of insects to which the mosquito belongs is …
Floats on a mosquito egg
What is the structure indicated by the arrow on the picture?
Infection
Choose an option of virus life cycle..
Bartonella quintana and Wuchereria bancrofti
Elephantiasis is an infection of the lymphatic system by…
In the mosquito
Where do the malaria parasites combine genes?
Pulicidae
Jay-Z the dog has a bad flea infestation. Most likely her flea infestation is by the flea in the family..
Bursting of red blood cells by the parasites
What causes cyclic paroxysms of malaria?
Straaggler
Theresa finds chewing louse on her new guinea pig… This louse is most likely..
all of the above
Louse-bourne relapsing fever…
body lice
Of the lice, ________ transmit pathogen.
Laveran
Who first saw malaria parasites with a microscope?
all of the above
The lifespan of a louse might be affected by many factors, including…
A ship carrying infected rats landed in San Francisco
How did the plague enter the U.S. ?
Louse borne relapsing fever
All of the diseases are transmitted by posterior transmission except…
self and non-self
The immune system helps the body distinguish between ____________ and _____________.
true
Enzymes such as lysozyme and pepsin help protect the body from invading pathogens.
Bacteria that live in the human body and help to protect us from invading harmful bacteria.
What are commensal bacteria?
Macrophages
________________are the first line of defense in innate immunity.
true
Insects have an immune system.
all of the above
Adaptive immunity involves . . .
The virus mutates.
Why do you get the cold every year?
The light chain
Which part of the antibody does most of the binding?
true
Mast cells are the cause of many allergic reactions.
Live attenuated viruses and inactive toxins
Vaccines can consist of . . .
all of the above
What is the geographical spread of the house fly?
true
Flies can taste with their feet.
Muscardine
What is the poisonous chemical in the mushrooms used to kill house flies?
false
House fly mold kills flies by exploding their abdomens.
africa
Where did the house fly originate?
enteric diseases
enter through the mouth and intestinal tract. Usually spread via contaminated water, food, feces etc.
Inhibit protein synthesis
How do Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 bacteria kill human cells?
false
Insects are the only way food crops such as lettuce can become contaminated with human pathogens.
Occur in only a few areas of the U.S. every year.
The cases of Cholera in the U.S. are . . . .
true
House flies usually regurgitate their food soon after eating.
