| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the operational definition of climate? | A general description of the average temperature and rainfall conditions of a region over the course of a year |
| The carrying agent of a disease is commonly defined as… | vector |
| Lyme disease is carried by… | Borrelia burgdorferi which essentially serves as vector or carrying agent |
| To a large extent Lyme disease is viewed as a… | cycle where forest ecosystems where a species (ex: mouse) control the growth of disease by introduced pests (ex: moths). Unfortunately, mouse destroys forest habitat (ex: eat acorn from oak trees) |
| Toxicity assessment to assess the toxicity of chemical substances using rats, mice, and guinea pigs as surrogates for humans who might be exposed to the substances is primarily defined as… | Animal Testing |
| 3 tenets of environmental hazard are defined as follows: | 1. injury, disease, or death to humans 2. damage to personal or public property 3. deterioration or destruction of environmental components |
| The probability of having a certain disease or injury is defined as.. . | risk |
| The number of cancers that might develop due to exposure to different doses of a chemical is commonly defined as… | Dose Response Assessment |
| Compare and contrast Morbidity and Mortality | 1. Morbidity is the incidence of disease in a population and community used to trace a particular disease or illness 2. Mortality refers to the incidence of death in a population; the cause of death could be kept using records. |
| Lethal hazards are often… | outcome of purely voluntary behavior (smoking and drug use) |
| Two ways to examine environmental hazards are defined as follows: | 1. Lack of access to resources 2. Exposure to hazards in the environment |
| Cellular changes that result in uncontrolled growth are primarily defined as… | cancer formations |
| Environmental hazards associated with please and short term benefit are… | cultural hazards |
| Compare and contrast leading causes of mortality in developing and developed countries for 1998… | Infectious diseases are prominent in the developed countries while cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system predominate in the developed countries |
| World biggest killer according to WHO | poverty |
| Most of deaths in developed countries are from… | degenerative diseases |
| US income distribution and life expectancy… | US has great gap between wealthy and poor while life expectancy is 21st out of 157 countries in the world |
| The most obvious example of personal pollutant… | smoking |
| Smoking classification by EPA… | ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) is a Class A human carcinogen |
| Late 1997 top tobacco companies reached… | uring late 1998 —> 46 state a 206 billion dollar settlement |
| Framework Convention on Tobacco Control | Adopted in 2003 and put into effect – a global treaty that aims to reduce the spread of smoking with the use of various strategies . |
| Able to be consumed and broken down to natural substances such as carbon dioxide and water via biological organisms especially decomposes —– | degradable material |
| Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the organism… | pollutant |
| Protozoan parasite that contaminated water supply in Milwaukee Wisconsin in 1993… | Cryptosporidium parvum |
| The non expert evaluation of risk which fails to comply with agreement of experts has a common term…. | risk perception |
| Iron Oxide formation which takes place slowly over decades is governed by the following chemical reaction: | 4 Fe + 3 O2 —> 2 Fe2O3 |
| Atmospheric composition: | 78 % nitrogen 21 % oxygen 0.03 % carbon dioxide 1 % argon many trace elements |
| Demonstrates changes in atmospheric pressure through changes in the height of a mercury to prevent column that initially the glass tube | barometer |
| Cigarette smoke primarily damages… | cilia |
| Heavy metal extracted from vehicle exhausts and industrial processes: | lead |
| Secondary pollutant produced from the interaction of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in sunlight: | ozone |
| Dust, soot, metal particles from industrial processes, and so on: | particulate matter |
| high nitrogen content in drinking water primarily due: | nitrates |
| Incomplete combustion of fuels leads to: | carbon monoxide exhaustion |
| Insulation chemicals found indoors | variety of asbestos |
| Power plants exhaustion of engines && fixed combustion processes | nitrogen oxides & sulfur oxides |
| The percentage of environmental causes of cancers is nearly: | 25-28 % according to WHO organization |
