Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay Biology Essay

Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay is by and large the simple and high sensitive immune assay that combine the specificity of antibodies with the sensitiveness of simple enzyme checks. This method was described in 1971 by Engvall, Perlman, schuurs and VanWeemen. It can give a valuable measuring of antibody or antigen concentration. ELISA techniques use substrate that generate soluble merchandises. An enzyme conjugated to an antibody and reacts with a colourless substrate which will bring forth a colored reaction merchandise which will be absorbed and reported by taking the reading with specially multichannel spectrophotometer ( Crowther, 2001 ) .

1.1 advantage of ELISA: –

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Rapid, safe and sensitive.

Reagents of ELISA have long shelf life

Cheap equipment available for mensurating.

They are 5 different types are used in ELISA techniques: –

Direct Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay: –

This type of ELISA utilizes the technique of straight labeling the antibody itself. Solid surface ( microwell home bases ) are coated with a sample including specific antigen. When specific antigen added it will adhere to the labelled antibody, after rinsing the enzyme labelled antibody added and merely adhere the specific antigen that captured ( Crowther, 2001 )

Advantages:

Quick trial since one antibody is utilised.

Extinguish cross-reactivity with the 2nd antibody.

Disadvantage:

Every antibody needs to be labelled which is clip devouring and expensive.

Can non take primary antibody ticket from one appraisal to another.

Few signal magnification.

Reduce primary antibody immunoreactivity due to labelling.

Figure 1: diagram shows direct ELISA check. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genwaybio.com/gw_file.php? fid=6056 ] .

The Indirect ELISA: –

This method is used to find the sum of antibody that is present in the sample. The microwell home base of this method is coated with labeled antibody and captured antigen as indirect check. Then it goes in incubation clip and this allow the secondary labeled antibody to attach and place the first antibody ( ABBAS et al. , 2003 ) .

Advantage:

big choice of labeled secondary antibody are commercially available.

Flexible.

The primary antibody will be non effected by labelling.

More sensitive than direct technique.

Disadvantage:

Non specific signal may happen due to cross-reactivity with the secondary antibody.

Time devouring due to extra incubation clip.

Figure 2: diagram shows indirect ELISA assay. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genwaybio.com/gw_file.php? fid=6056 ] .

Sandwich ELISA: –

This method measures the sum of antigen between 2 beds of antibodies and it can be called captured method ( Janeway et al. , 2005 ) . The antigen that should be measured it must include at least two antigenic sites, so it will be able to adhere with the two different antibodies and act as sandwich technique. Either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies used as the gaining control and observing antibodies in this method. The antibodies attached to the home base well, and sample antigen is added, so it will be bind to the antibody after incubation. The unbound antigens are removed by rinsing. Then observing ( primer ) antibody added to adhere specific antigen. Secondary enzyme- linked antibody added and adhere the primary antibody. After incubation, the boundless antibodies removed by rinsing and the substrate added, that will respond and organize coloring material measured by spectrophotometer.

The sensitiveness of sandwich ELISA depends on 4 chief factors:

Molecules figure of the primary antibody that are attached to the solid surface.

The eagerness of the primary antibody for the antigen.

The eagerness of the secondary antibody for the antigen.

The definite action of the secondary antibody.

Figure 3: diagram shows sandwich ELISA assay. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genwaybio.com/gw_file.php? fid=6056 ] .

Competitive Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay: –

This method can be a pick when two ”matched brace ” antibodies are non be for a mark. Unlabelled antibody is incubated with the antigen. This edge antibody antigen mixture are so added to an antigen coated good. Then the home base will be washed and antibody that has been bind to coated antigen will remain merely and the unbound antibody removed. An enzyme linked antibody is added to the mixture. Finally substrate will be added and the staying enzyme will pull out chromogenic or fluorescent signal ( wild, 2005 ) . In reading, the higher original antigen concentration the weaker the eventual signal.

Figure 4: diagram shows competitory ELISA check. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genwaybio.com/gw_file.php? fid=6056 ] .

manifold ELISA: –

Multiplex ELISA can be found in different types and techniques and some of them are in the research field to develop them every bit shortly as possible.Several types of primary antibodies can attached on glass home base to capture fiting antigens in a biological specimen like plasma, tissue infusion or cell lysate ( Murphy et al. , 2008 ) .

Figure 5: diagram shows manifold ELISA check. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.genwaybio.com/gw_file.php? fid=6056 ] .

2.0 Production of Polyclonal and Monoclonal antibodies: –

Monoclonal antibody: are monospecifc similar antibodies that are produced by indistinguishable immature cells which all are ringers of a alone parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies produced by the combination of myeloma cells with the mice lien cells that has immunized with the coveted antigen. Then it will be fused into particular media which will let them to turn. Next the intercrossed cells are chosen and cloned. Monoclonal antibodies are indistinguishable and peculiar to the interested antigenic determinant. ( Chapel, et al. , 2006 ) The chief advantage of this application, produce practical limitless measures of a peculiar antibody.

Figure6. The diagram shows the rule of Monoclonal antibody production. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Monoclonal_Antibody ]

Polyclonal antibody: represent antibodies that are taken from multiple B cells sites. They are a mixture of Ig molecules that are secreted against peculiar antigen, each recognize a different antigenic determinant. They are produced by shooting mammals such as coney, caprine animal and Equus caballus with an antigen. This stimulates the B lymphocytes to do IgG Igs specific for the antigen. Then the polyclonal antibodies separated from the mammal ‘s serum. This assortment of antibodies allow the research workers to place assorted antigenic determinant sites on the intrested protein. However polyclonal antibody has a figure of disadvantages ( Luttmann, et al. , 2006 ) , and they are: –

Difficult to bring forth from batch to batch

Produce a immense sum of non specific antibody.

Multiple antigenic determinants increase the per centum of cross responsiveness.

Figure 7. The undermentioned diagram shows Principles of polyclonal antibody production. Adopted from [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biotech.iastate.edu/facilities/hybridoma/SERVICEpAb.htm ] .

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay practical

Practical work, Week ( 1 ) :

Materials and Reagents required:

96-well microtiter home base.

Adjustable micropipette.

Rabbit IgG Antigen.

Coating antibody: mouse monoclonal anti-rabbit IgG.

Detection antibody: Goat anti-rabbit IgG- Peroxidase conjugated.

Dilutant and Coating Buffer: – Phosphate Buffer Saline ( PBS ) .

Wash buffer: 0.05 % Tween 20A® in PBS, pH 7.4

Colour reagent ( TMB substrate ) .

Stop solution ( ClH 1M )

In the first hebdomad we will fix the dilution of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies by utilizing Sandwich ELISA technique, we will utilize the whole 96-microplate and split it into two halves. The first portion will be monoclonal antibodies and the 2nd portion will be polyclonal antibodies

Procedure: –

Add 200ul of coney IgG antigen in the microtiter home base row A from ( 1to12 ) .

Add 100ul of surfacing buffer ( PBS ) in the staying empty microtiter home base Wellss.

Then do consecutive dilution by taking 100ul of the coney IgG antigen from A1to A12

Repeat the dilution for the full staying column by the same manner in old measure.

Discard the 100ul of the coney IgG antigen after column ( G ) and maintain column ( H ) as a BLANK.

Cover the home base and incubate it at nightlong.

Wash the microtiter home base with PBS three times, blocked with 1 % Bovine Serum Albumin/BSA in.

Wash once more and was kept ready to utilize for hebdomad 2 practical. ( stairss 7 & A ; 8 were done for the pupil by the lab technician ) .

Figure 8 Demonstrates the hebdomad 1 process: –

Practical work, Week ( 2 ) :

Column ( 1-6 ) in the microtiter home base were used for mouse anti coney IgG antibody ( monoclonal antibody ) , and the 2nd portion from column ( 7-12 ) were used for Goat anti-rabbit IgG- HRP ( polyclonal antibody ) .

Add 100ul PBS Diluent from column ( 2A to 6A ) and reiterate this measure for the other rows ( B to H ) .

Add 200ul of the mouse anti coney IgG antibody ( 1/2000 ) monoclonal antibody to the column in the microtiter home base from column A1 to column H1.

Dilute serially 100ul of ( Mouse anti Rabitt IgG ) from row ( A to H ) horizontally from column ( 1 to 6 ) and column 6 discard excess 100ul.

Incubate the home base for 45 proceedingss at room temperature.

Wash the microtiter home base with PBS rinsing solution 3 times, Before rinsing remember to cover the staying Wellss from 7- 12 with particular gluey sheet that been given to you.

Add 100ul of caprine animal anti-mouse IgG- HRP ( fixed dilution 1/5000 ) to all Wellss in the first half.

Incubate the home base for 45 proceedingss at room temperature.

Wash the microtiter home base with PBS rinsing solution 3 times.

100 ul of substrate ( TMP ready to utilize ) to all Wellss and delay till the reaction takes topographic point and bluish colour will developed.

Stop the reaction by adding 50 ul of ClH 1M and the colour will be changed from blue to yellow.

Finally, read your home base by utilizing spectrophotometer at 450nm with mention of 620nm.Then you can pull your graph.

Figure 9 Demonstrates of monoclonal mouse anti coney IgG antibody dilution in hebdomad 2

The 2nd portion of the practical is to make goat anti coney IgG ( polyclonal ) antibody

First of all take the screen from Wellss ( 7 to 12 ) , so Add 200ul of caprine animal anti coney IgG- HRP ( 1/2000 ) Polyclonal antibody to column ( A7 to H70.

Add 100ul of PBS Diluent buffer to all staying Wellss.

As we done earlier do consecutive dilution by taking 100ul from good ( A7 to A12 ) horizontally, retrieve to fling the excess 100ul from A12.

Repeat measure 3 to all staying Wellss in the 2nd half of the microtiter home base.

Cover the microtiter home base and Incubate for 45 minute, and so rinse it with rinsing buffer three times.

Add 100ul of the substrate to all Wellss.

Stop the reaction by adding 50ul of stop reagent ClH 1M to all Wellss.

Finally read your microtiter home base by utilizing spectrophotometer at ( 450 nanometer ) with mention of ( 620 nanometer ) , and now you can pull your graph.

Figure 10 Demonstrates the polyclonal caprine animal anti coney IgG antibody dilution in hebdomad 2

Practical work, Week ( 3 ) :

Add 100ul of gaining control antibody ( monoclonal Mouse anti-Rabbit IgG in the microtiter home base column 1 from ( A1 to H1 ) , column 2 from ( A2 to H2 ) , A3, A4, B3 and B4.

Cover the home base with particular spine that have been provided to you and incubate the home base overnight.

Wash the home base three times with rinsing buffer PBS.

Add 1 % Bovine Serum Albumin to the home base to barricade it.

Wash the home bases once more with rinsing buffer PBS for three times.

The home base is ready now to be used in hebdomad four practical.

N.B stairss from ( 3 to 6 ) were done for pupils by research lab technician.

Figure 11. shows the presentation of hebdomad 3 to cognize the concentration of unknown samples.

Practical work, Week ( 4 ) : continue the sandwich ELISA

Add 200ul of coney IgG ( 2ug/ml ) to well A1 and A2.

Add 100ul of PBS dilutant from good ( B ) to ( H ) in figure 1 and 2.

Dilute serially 100ul in column 1 and 2 get downing from row A boulder clay row G, so Discard the excess 100ul from good ( G1 and G2 ) .

Wells H1 and H2 will be used as BLANK.

Add 100ul of unknown sample X in ( A3 and A4 ) , and add 100ul of in unknown sample Y in ( B3 and B4 )

Incubate 30 proceedingss in the room temperature, nevertheless the right clip of incubation is one hr but it was reduced to 30 proceedingss because of the clip deficit.

Wash the microtiter home base three times with the rinsing buffer PBS.

Add 100ul of caprine animal anti coney IgG-HRP labelled to all the used good in the microtiter home base.

Incubate for 30 proceedingss in the room temperature, nevertheless the right clip of incubation is one hr but it was reduced to 30 proceedingss because of the clip deficit.

Wash once more with rinsing buffer PBS for three times.

Add 100ul of substrate ( TMB certainly blue ) to all used Wellss cover it with dark paper for 10 proceedingss and delay till the Wellss generate bluish coloring material.

Stop the reaction by adding 50ul of the reaction halt reagent HCl, so the coloring material will be changed from blue to yellow. Cover the microtiter home base and read it by utilizing spectrophotometer at ( 450 nanometer ) and the mention filter of ( 620 nanometer ) .

Figure 12. shows the presentation of hebdomad 4

Consequence: –

Table ( 1 ) show the optical density and concentration of monoclonal antibody ( WEEK 1 & A ; 2 )

Rabbit IgG

1/2000

1/4000

1/8000

1/16000

1/32000

1/64000

2000

1.946

2.186

2.107

1.829

1.586

1.144

1000

1.688

1.646

1.651

1.455

1.278

0.962

500

1.181

1.156

1.159

1.111

0.893

0.824

250

0.788

0.719

0.693

0.661

0.482

0.395

125

0.322

0.403

0.338

0.32

0.215

0.178

62

0.179

0.175

0.159

0.138

0.095

0.082

31

0.082

0.075

0.062

0.06

0.035

0.03

A

0

0

0

0

0

0

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

Monoclonal antibody

Graph ( 13 ) illustrate table no 1 ;

Table ( 2 ) shows the concentration of polyclonal antibody ( WEEK 1 & A ; 2 )

Polyclonal antibody

Rabbit IgG

1/2000

1/4000

1/8000

1/16000

1/32000

1/64000

2000

0.976

0.723

0.451

0.237

0.125

0.062

1000

0.913

0.587

0.33

0.166

0.09

0.045

500

0.766

0.458

0.263

0.11

0.063

0.029

250

0.579

0.337

0.164

0.08

0.042

0.02

125

0.382

0.217

0.104

0.047

0.026

0.01

62

0.23

0.115

0.056

0.025

0.014

0.005

31

0.118

0.06

0.032

0.008

0.009

0.001

A

0

0

0

0

0

0

Graph ( 14 ) illustrate tabular array 2

Table ( 3 ) shows the consequences of hebdomad 3 & A ; 4

Concentration

Abs 1

Abs2

Average

Average-average space

Sample X

Sample Y

Average Ten Average Yttrium

Average Ten, Y

– Average Blank

2000

0.325

0.273

0.299

0.2775

0.183

0.095

0.169

0.1475

1000

0.295

0.258

0.2765

0.255

0.155

0.076

0.84

0.265

500

0.278

0.222

0.25

0.2285

250

0.233

0.189

0.211

0.1895

125

0.150

0.131

0.145

0.1235

62.5

0.101

0.089

0.095

0.0735

31.25

0.065

0.052

0.0585

0.037

0

0.02

0.023

0.0215

Graph 15 shows the standard curve of Rabbit IgG

Standard curve of Rabbit IgG

Absorbance 450 nanometers

Rabbit IgG

From the above graph we can find the value of X & A ; Y.

The X value is 177 and the Y value is 44

However there is another manner to happen out the value of sample X and sample Y and that by Log Plot as the graph and computation that shown below

Graph 16 shows the log secret plan to happen out the concentration of unknown samples

The equation that I have worked on is ;

Y=0.1416x- 0.1706

For the unknown sample Ten:

Optical density mean is 0.169

0.1475= 0.1416x -0.1706

0.1475+0.1706= 0.1416x

0.3181 = 0.1416x

ten =0.3181/0.1416

x=2.25 Anti log 2.25 =178 Sample X = 178

For the unknown sample Yttrium:

Optical density mean is 0.0625

0.0625=0.1416x-0.1706

0.0625+0.1706=0.1416x

0.2331 = 0.1416x

ten = 0.2331/0.1416

x=1.65 Anti log 1.65 = 45 Sample Y = 45

Discussion: –

The purpose of the practical hebdomad 1 & A ; 2 is to happen out the best optimal concentration of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibody by utilizing Sandwich ELISA Assay. The monoclonal antibody was done in the first portion ( 1 to 6 ) of the microtiter home base and polyclonal antibody was done in the 2nd portion ( 7 to 12 ) of the microtiter home base.

For hebdomad 1 we used mouse anti coney IgG monoclonal antibody in column ( 1 to 6 ) . Figure ( 13 ) shows the different curves for different dilution. As it shown in the graph dilution ( 1:2000 ) gives crisp addition, but it will be excluded because of the low concentration and high use of antibody that make it unsuitable commercially and expensive.

However the dilution ( 1:4000 ) and ( 1:8000 ) shown really good and reasonable reading, but it still non that good as it gives low concentration and more antibody are needed. On the other manus ( 1:16000 ) it gives the same consequence but it needs less antibodies than others which make it good commercially and cheap in the same clip.

In dilution ( 1:32000 ) and ( 1:64000 ) they both are non demoing reproducing the optimal concentration as they are more to be liner curves, so they will be excluded.

In changeless from my consequences I suggest dilution ( 1:16000 ) is the best optimal concentration for monoclonal antibody, as it needs less antibody and it will be more cheaper and more important to utilize in medical research labs.

From table 2 that demonstrate in graph ( 14 ) besides show different curves for different dilutions used in hebdomad 2 to happen out the optimum ( goat-rabbit IgG ) . As we can see from the graph, dilution ( 1/2000 ) show good curve but with low concentration and high use of antibodies so it will be excluded. Dilution ( 1/16000 ) , ( 1/32000 ) and ( 1/64000 ) will be excluded as they show liner curve. On the other manus, the dilution ( 1/4000 ) and the dilution ( 1/8000 ) show good curves with good reading.

In my sentiment, dilution ( 1/4000 ) is the best optimal polyclonal antibody concentration as it needs low sum of antibody, that makes it inexpensive and commercially recommended.

The practical in hebdomad 3 and 4 were done to find the concentration of unknown from two samples ( X and Y ) by utilizing unknown concentration of antibodies to pull standard standardization curve. As you can see in the graph ( 15 ) we have to acquire the mean for ( X and Y ) . graph ( 15 ) show the approximately concentration of the unknown ( X and Y ) samples. We can acquire the specific concentration of the unknown samples ( X and Y ) by using the logarithmic graph as shown in graph ( 16 ) . by that we can acquire the equation that can assist us to cipher the exact concentration of unknown samples

The concentration of sample Y = 45 ng/ml

The concentration of sample X = 178 ng/ml

There are batch of little causes that may interfere with our consequences and may happen in any ELISA technique.

Mistakes in the practical and possible causes

Poor Precision.

Improper lavation of the microwell home base ( unbound antibody cause non specific reaction )

deficient aspiration of the Wellss ( antibody were assorted in different Wellss )

Unequal commixture of the reagent.

Poor standard curve.

Improper dilution of the highest criterion or space.

Improper lavation.

Insufficient aspiration of the Wellss.

Inadequate Color development.

Inadequate volume of substrate has been added to the Wellss.

Deficit of incubation clip.

Conjugate or color reagent failure.

Edge effects.

Irregular temperature in the on the job country.

Incorrect repair of home base screen can take to vaporization.

Reagent non kept in room temperature.

There are some utile safeguards to avoid any job in ELISA technique: –

Use multi-channel pipettes because it will minimise errors and salvage the clip.

Utilize automated home base washer, because it will cut down taint of the other Wellss with reagents while rinsing.

Incubation period should be for one hr, so the reaction can take topographic point decently.

Use the specify measure of reagent as its recommended by the industries, in the mean while maintain the reagent in the recommended temperature before utilizing it.

Cover the home base decently and barricade it after adding the antigens to avoid the non-specific reaction.

Decision: –

ELISA is a diagnostic engineering that utilize the antigen-antibody compound and enzymes. And it becomes the most used technique presents in the medical research lab due to the safety and truth. In add-on, ELISA is inexpensive commercially and high-quality instrument for diagnosing of assorted diseases. Good consequences can be achieved with extremely truth while using as the industry recommended.

Overall, four hebdomads practical Sessionss were utile. However, I think more pattern should be done and more advanced pipettes, home base washer and more incubation clip may assist to better the quality of consequences.

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