Globalization over the past and the future old ages remains to be a word that is most used and abused, political spectacular, and cloudy. This topic has garnered passionate reactions, intuitions and frights that have invoked cause to many transmutations and events and modern-day universe events. As many have attested, globalisation is a disease that the century has suffered from. Leveling of states ‘ features from spiritual, economic or cultural point of position is the worst wickedness that globalisation has been accused of ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . With this respects, the perceptual experience on this phenomenon have encouraged homogenisation, uniformity, and Westernization of civilizations. However, conflicting point of position associating to this procedure have risen that support more or less feasible statements.
Despite the fact that recent economic dependences and mutualities remains an old paradigm, globalisation has taken dramatic ways that have turned into a leitmotif for the specializers and the populace at big ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . To some experts, globalisation is a strictly economic phenomenon that involves a turning economic interaction among states or as an integrating of national economic systems that increases capital follows, trade activities, and investings. Globalization has wholly altered the concern universe over the last three decennaries.
Technological Tendency: Invention as Globalization Force
Chiefly technological inventions in communicating and transit formulate the 2nd foundation of globalisation. Globalization first occasion can be traced back to the innovation of the steam engine in 1765- the 2nd phase of Industrial Revolution. Three periods of technological invention distinguish the procedure of globalisation ( Tiffany eta al, 2011 ) . The steam engine application on land and sea conveyance and the electric telegraph invention characterized the first stage. The usage of steam engines and steamboats amplified the conveyance volume and decreased transit clip. The debut of the steamer was in 1807 whereas the first successful steam locomotor trial was in 1825 ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . The gait of transit was accelerated by the building of railroads that interconnected metropoliss, states, and continents. In add-on, this increased the range of industrialisation refering the geographical coverage, the measure of goods, and the figure people transported. This besides accelerated and eased the distribution of information.
The velocity of transit and communicating was separated for the first clip by innovation and betterment of electric telegraph by Gausss, Weber, and Morse in 1830 ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . This epoch signifies the historical turning point of the advancement of globalisation where the innovation well lowered distances in infinite and clip. Because of this, states were able to rapidly respond and larn from the events that happened in the state ‘s national district implying the less developed countries. The international communicating was supported by the 1865 transatlantic telegraph overseas telegram ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . The innovation of car and the telephone amplified the procedure which states controlled their districts. The homogenisation between the assorted parts in a state ‘s districts was brought approximately by this technological authorization. The national newspapers and the debut of standardized clock times are examples that promoted the homogenisation.
Even though this stage is more profound to act upon the province of the state, it besides promoted international contracts and trade. The homogenisation procedure of technological promotions opened up trade to larger geographical units than in the yesteryear ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . Furthermore, the debut of Greenwich Mean Time as an international criterion improved communicating and timetabling for international activities.
The V2-projcet projectile propulsion by the German applied scientists during the Second World War marks the beginning of the 2nd stage. The USSR and US fierce technological competition catalyzed orbiter and projectile development gait ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . The technological capableness of establishing projectiles into infinite opened ways to put in orbiters circling around the Earth. For the first clip in history, orbiter circling about Earth facilitated planetary and dependable system of communicating. In malice of the possibility of international communicating via telephone, the connexions were of low quality and hence the widespread usage of telephone was largely limited to the national boundaries. However, the debut of satellite communicating greatly improved the quality of international communicating.
The innovation of the computing machine is the last stage of engineering globalisation tendency. Despite the innovation of the computing machine every bit early as 1942, its capacities barely surpassed the ordinary reckoner abilities ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . Nevertheless, Intel innovation of the micro chip in 1971 increased the processing velocities, volume, and computing machine efficiency. Similarly, the innovation of the micro chip and debut of the electric telegraph are perceived as globalisation major turning point. The innovation of the micro chip is considered as the nucleus of modern-day communicating and information engineerings. Communication and information engineerings have led to a similar revolution, shriveling distances in infinite and clip merely as the electric telegraph did more than fifty old ages ago. Further micro chip ‘s applications and inventions have lead to the surfacing and planetary usage of the cyberspace and back uping communicating systems ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . The innovation of the micro chip and computing machine engineering led to the building of planetary web of informations that acts as the channel to the planetary fiscal capital markets. The current globalisation stage is characterized by the widespread application of the innovation of computing machine and associated engineerings.
Other technological developments such as conveyance invention engineering such as the rider aircraft and container conveyance should non be ignored. From the terminal of World War II, the motion of people and goods around the universe have dramatically increased ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . Although over a longer clip of clip, international rider and lading flight have recorded a enormous growing ; its growing concentration is discerned in the seventiess. Coincidentally, this is the same period when the micro chip was invented. Even though this paper has provided a convincing analysis of the function engineering has played in the procedure of globalisation, statements associating to future are instead technologically deterministic.
Capitalism as Globalization Starting Point
Fierce contentions exist refering the current arguments of globalisation in respect the historical dating of the phenomenon. Some skeptics of globalisation have urged that Industrial Revolution was the globalisation genteelness evidences. Others point out that globalisation started with the European Colonialism when Columbus discovered America ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . On the contrary, the different positions on globalisation historic dating from doubting analysis acknowledge globalisation as a driven by economic inducements. Today ‘s globalisation is distinguishable from the old periods since ‘new ‘ globalisation is based on capitalist economy instead than international trading.
Capitalism leans more on the accretion of capital through the production system where labor excess adds value to the merchandise. During the production procedure, the lone thing that adds a pecuniary value is labour, whereas other economic systems do non distinguish between non-productive labor and productive ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . Since labor adds value to the employed capital, it is hence possible to accrue capital by using productive labor. Another characteristic that distinguishes capitalist economy from other economic systems relates to non-productive accretion through capital reinvestment.
In the yesteryear, capital investing and insurance on a big graduated table were non present. In such a system, excess money is usually saved or spent on plants of humanistic disciplines on esteemed edifices such as churches and pigments instead than investing ( Tiffany et al, 2011 ) . If people could closely look at the difference between today ‘s capitalist economy and the past economic systems, it hence unlikely that globalisation can take back before capitalist economy emerged. For case, the constitution and enlargement of the Dutch and English foremost planetary trade webs could non be without a system of commercial insurance, capital reinvestment, and private ownership. When this line of debate is followed, two cardinal historical landmarks are recognized evading the predevelopment of globalisation. The find of America symbolizes the first stage that signifies the origin of colonialism. The outgrowth of first multinational is identified as an early constitution of capitalism- the universe ‘s dominant economic system. The future capitalist economy and globalisation will take similar tendencies act uponing the universe ‘s economic system than of all time before.
Strategy Formulation And Implementation In Capitalism And Technology
Globalization provides clear strategic benefits such as new providers, new client markets, and new spouses. When strategically formulated and implemented, engineering and capitalist economy can speed up the creative activity of secondary immediate benefits ( Martin et al, 2012 ) . Constitution of client base in the new markets for case can offer acquaintance and relationships that can back up extra investings. Globalization besides brings challenges that require strategically formulated and implemented solutions. Companies are happening it progressively hard to be locally adaptable and flexible when broadening their planetary footmark. Strategy preparation and execution came in ready to hand to assist in the allotment of resources to get by with the diverseness of markets and clients, and channels ( Martin et al, 2012 ) . As director executive from planetary markets attest that they easy understood the demands of clients and runing environment than the local rivals. There are several ways technological promotion and capitalist economy influence scheme preparation and execution:
Peoples As An Asset And A Challenge. Globalization trends strongly influences the huge militias of cognition, accomplishments, and experience which seen as an priceless plus. Making the most of this plus may turn out hard and hence calls for strategic direction ( Martin et al, 2012 ) . Globalization has besides affected the ways of determination and developing endowments in the emerging markets. This forces the executive to orient effectual schemes for retaining, preparation, and development procedures associating to the assorted geographicss.
Scale And Scope Benefits, Complexity Costs. When a company goes planetary, it enjoys the economic purchase of puting in the corporate substructure that ranges from R & A ; D centres to the maps of procurance ( Martin et al, 2012 ) . The economic systems of graduated table associating to the technologically shared services are besides important though they are non unambiguously available to all companies. Cloud-based computer science is a technological phenomenon that is dominant in many planetary companies. With the exigency of such engineerings, companies have to endorse to the pulling board to explicate and implement schemes that are compatible with these engineerings. The emerging markets are perplexing concern operations and if these operations are non strategically managed can gall costs.
Part 2: Ethical motives
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ( FCPA )
In the universe corruptness is seen as the greatest hindrance to societal and economic development. Over the past decennary there are emergent planetary consensuses on the importance of contending corruptness on an international degree ( Mclean, 2012 ) . In the U.S. for case, governments have spearheaded the drastic addition of actions that have been enforced under the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act ( FCPA ) .
Features To FCPA Legislation.
There are several mechanisms through which the relationships between United States and the FCPA operate. FCPA contains two cardinal thoughts. The first thought province that no individual or entity can pay or offer gifts to functionaries of foreign authorities or any international organisations which can take to the abuse of power or influence by the functionary with the involvement of profiting the individual or entity ( Mclean, 2012 ) . This is besides called the anti-bribery proviso. The 2nd thought province that if a payment must be made officially with or without proper purpose, the payment must be reported in the remunerator ‘s fiscal statements. These are by and large recognized rules of accounting under the commissariats of recordkeeping and internal control.
From providers to distributers, companies are required to do and keep books of histories that in item are moderately accurate and present a just contemplation of the dealing and temperaments of the company ‘s assets ( Mclean, 2012 ) . The commissariats of recordkeeping intend to forestall three types of impropernesss: failure to record minutess which is illegal, hiding illegal dealing through record disproof, and eventually the record creative activity to quantify truth which may neglect to stipulate qualitative facets of the dealing.
Condemnable Liability. In instance of an fond regard to a condemnable liability, a publically traded company must show cognition that the house or an affiliate have circumvented or intends to go against the accounting mechanisms ( Mclean, 2012 ) . The cognition demand is satisfied by witting neglect and deliberate ignorance. This cognition may shack with one individual or jointly on assorted employees which is determined by the range of employment. Under the anti-bribery commissariats, charges are supported associating to the accounting commissariats. It is hard to roll up grounds in a foreign scene that would take to prosecution under the anti-bribery commissariats.
Civil Liability. Civil enforcement actions, unlike the anti-bribery commissariats do non name for cognition under the accounting proviso. A company will be vicariously apt for the actions taken by its manager, employee, and officers ( Mclean, 2012 ) . The company will besides be dependable to its subordinate actions in the foreign state.
FCPA Penalties. Both civil and condemnable punishments form the FCPA misdemeanors. If the ant-bribery commissariats are violated, a company may be fined up to $ 2 million dollars per discourtesy and can besides be subjected to $ 100,000 per misdemeanors on civil punishments ( Mclean, 2012 ) . Persons on the other manus may pull mulcts of up to $ 100,000 per every misdemeanor and more than five old ages imprisonment for willful misdemeanor. On civil punishments persons may be subjected to $ 10,000 per misdemeanor.
Netherlands Versus Saudi Arabia: The Cultural Practices
Saudi Arabia
The Saudis are ethnically Arabs and the other portion of the population integrates assorted ethic beginning. Islam was born in Saudi Arabia and spread to the other parts of the universe. Moslems are obliged to do a pilgrim’s journey to Mecca at least one in their life if they are able to make so. Saudi Arabia is the most conservative state on Earth doing the state ‘s cultural environment extremely conservative- adhering to code of Islamic spiritual jurisprudence ( the Shariah ) . Everyone must conform to these moralss seen as narrowly defined criterions ( Social Overview, 2003 ) . Comparative to Netherlands and Amsterdam in peculiar where ‘girls ‘ are allowed to interact with married work forces, in Saudi Arabia work forces and adult females are non allowed to go to public events together and a segregation exist in the work topographic point. Womans are non allowed to drive autos and can non go without a written blessing from a male member of the household. As such a conservative state, modestly vesture is appropriate for both work forces and women- tight and disclosure vesture are non acceptable ( Social Overview, 2003 ) . Women hemlines must be below the articulatio genus. While the males and females are non allowed to interact publically, Sharia presents this rigorous separation of genders. Womans are non allowed to walk in public without male comparative and work forces and adult females who are non related are non allowed to mix. Work forces are non expected to present their married womans to their male invitees or in societal occasions. Womans are non allowed to sit in the front sit of their hubby ‘s vehicle ( Social Overview, 2003 ) . Gratuitous to state Sharia has made it clear that if suspected of any harlotry, illicit sexual activity or excess matrimonial matter work forces or adult females can pull terrible effects. For work forces they can confront imprisonment or in some cases may ensue to decease punishment. Women in many instances are judged and punished publically.
Dutch capital: The City Of Red Lights
Since the thirteenth century, Amsterdam has been characterized by narrow and even narrower back streets that are lined up with tall houses that were built in the metropolis ‘s Golden Age ( Melanie, 2009 ) . Meagerly clothed misss vie to pull the attending of work forces inside the Windowss of the elegant houses. Some gyrate to the flourishing music from their stereos while others merely preen and pose. When tourers attempt to take exposure, the misss hurl maltreatment at them. The Dutch population perceive harlotry as an acceptable occupation and legalized it in 2000 ( Melanie, 2009 ) . The Dutch return pride on their society ‘s tolerance and openness. Nonetheless, harlotry is restricted to certain countries of Amsterdam to maintain it hidden from the public eyes. In the 15th and sixteenth century, harlotry was concentrated in two chief streets- the Halsteeg and Pijlsteeg which are still present in the current territory programs ( Melanie, 2009 ) . Prostitution adds important economic value peculiarly to Amsterdam and Netherlands in general. Harmonizing to official estimations ; harlotry outputs more than $ 100 million yearly. Amsterdam remains to be a large draw for tourers and since 17th there are diaries that give work forces tips on where to travel ( Melanie, 2009 ) . The popular guidebook, ‘Amsterdamsch Hoerdam or in English ‘Amsterdam ‘s Whoredam ‘ inside informations everything that work forces need to cognize about the adult females fortes. Possibly Dutch historical tolerance of harlotry reflects the state ‘s vision of an independent society, which in a state such as Saudi Arabia is perceived as punishable. Global concerns should recommend for intercultural dealingss through ad hoc preparation to do certain that the sing employees understand the cultural moralss of the two states.
