Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension span built at the gap of San Francisco in to Pacific Ocean. It connects the Marin County, California to the metropolis of San Francisco. This undertaking was approved in 1930 and started in January 1933 and finished by May 1937. It is the longest suspension span, by the clip of its completion. The entire length and breadth of this span is 2,737m and 27m severally. 83,000 dozenss of steel from New Jersey, Maryland and Pennsylvania and Cables with length of 2,332m are used for building. Two chief overseas telegrams base on balls over the towers and each of them is made up of 27,572 strands of wire that can cover 80 thousand stat mis and it took over six months to whirl them. 128 high force per unit area Na lamps are installed on the roadway. It was to the full painted in orange vermillion colour. Original pigment was removed due to corrosion and it is repainted with emulsion top coat which took over 30 old ages. It is a popular internationally recognized and good structured civil technology symbol throughout the universe.
Channel Tunnel – United Kingdom:
Channel Tunnel is a longest undersea tunnel in the universe. It is besides known as Chunnel. It is 50.5km long and 250ft deep undersea rail tunnel beneath English Channel. Chunnel links Kent in UK with Coquelles in northern France. Chunnel carries high rider trains and besides conveyances vehicles through trains. It is recognized as a one of the seven admirations of World by American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) . This undertaking was foremost proposed in 1802. But, due to political force per unit areas it was compromised and later in 1988 the building company Eurotunnel coup d’etat the undertaking. The undertaking was completed by 1994 with 80 % over budget. After its building Chunnel has faced many jobs, Illegal immigrants attempted to utilize it and Fires have disrupted the conveyance. Despite of all the jobs during and after the building, it is running successfully and it is considered as most successful undertaking.
Comparison of Undertakings
There are assorted factors that influence the result of every undertaking. So, it is of import to place the chief aims, range, continuance and budget of the undertaking which helps to separate whether the undertaking is successful or unsuccessful. In this study, I have considered the undermentioned factors to compare the Project direction of Golden Gate Bridge and Channel Tunnel.
Undertaking Environment
Golden Gate Bridge –
The metropolis of San Francisco does n’t hold a lasting nexus to environing metropoliss across its bay country. The lone path available was through ferry services started in 1820. Although Ferry services became celebrated and profitable in car industry, that does n’t demo any impact on the development of the metropolis in assorted sectors. Then, there was an initial proposal for constructing a span which was turned down due to assorted political and public issues. But eventually undertaking was started in the twelvemonth of 1933 and completed by 1937. After the completion of undertaking, San Francisco was besides linked to other metropoliss through roadways across the bay which in bend leads to overall economic development.
Channel Tunnel –
Since 18th century France and United Kingdom were in demand of low-cost transit links for their economic development. So the Channel Tunnel undertaking was proposed. The existent beginning of undertaking was delayed for more than a century after its preliminary proposal and trails. It had undergone assorted debatable stages like engineering and machinery failures, Delays, Cost controls, Maintenance issues Political influences. Finally the undertaking was completed by May 1994 and inaugurated by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand and opened to full public services by 1995. After the completion of that undertaking, UK has constructed the supportive undertakings like High velocity 1. The nexus to Channel Tunnel called High speed1 runs 111km from London to Folkestone in Kent. It costs Euro 5.8 one million millions. This was opened by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair in September 2003. These trains travel at the velocity of 300km/h from London to Paris in 2 hr 15minutes. Now with the stakeholder ‘s investing on changeless care, Channel Tunnel undertaking is obtaining its chief aim of developing transit links.
Stakeholders and their power and influence
Golden Gate Bridge –
Stakeholders involved in this undertaking played a major function for its executing. Initially the undertaking has fewer financess for its executing. Then the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District authorized through legislative assembly approved bonds that valued $ 30million, but they were unable to sell those bonds. Amadeo Giannini, laminitis of Bank of America influenced the undertaking by holding to purchase the bonds to assist the local economic system. Subsequently the undertaking was carried out by the Construction Company called Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co. founded by Howard H. Mc Clintic and Charles D. Marshall. This building company efficaciously managed to follow concern procedures and get required natural stuffs from Suppliers like ( Steel Construction- Bethlehem Steel co. , Cable Steel provider – John A. Roebling ‘s Sons Company ) and Human resources from Consulting Engineers – Ammann & A ; Whitney, Contractors – Dillingham Construction, Seismic retrofit Contractors – Balfour Beatty Construction and Co-Contracting – Obayashi Corp. , Shimmick Construction company Inc. , Prestressing – DYWIDAG – Systems International USA Inc.. The Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co influenced the executing of the undertaking by its proper undertaking direction with all the providers to obtain the Performance aims, meet deadlines and control on costs. Finally, Stakeholders managed to finish the undertaking $ 1.3million under estimated budget with out holds.
Channel Tunnel –
The Channel Tunnel undertaking was a really immense undertaking which has assorted stakeholders. The Stakeholders include British Channel Tunnel group which has two Bankss and five building companies, Gallic -Manche group has three Bankss and five building companies were formed. Banks were at that place to advice on loans, financials footings and companies for building and related work. Stakeholder ‘s in rail design and turn overing stock for Locomotives are ( Brush – British company & A ; ABB – Swedish company ) , Passenger railcars ( Bombardier – Canadian company ) , Railcars for transporting freight vehicles ( Breda and Fiat – Italian company ) . This undertaking was influenced at its upper limit by the stakeholder ‘s investing and their political influences. The initial proposal itself was postponed several times over a century. After initial building, undertaking has faced assorted issues with engineering, machinery, Human resources providers and care jobs. Finally the undertaking was completed with the influence of stakeholders.
Planning, Scheduling, Managing Resources and Project life rhythm
Golden Gate Bridge –
Before the span was built there was merely a short path by boat between San Francisco and Marin County. This is Ferry service began in 1820 and later it became scheduled ferry service in 1840. The ferry traversing between San Francisco and Marin County cost US $ 1.00 per vehicle and it took 20mins. The metropolis of San Francisco was served with ferry boats as it does n’t hold lasting links with the other topographic points around the bay. Many experts turned down the proposal for constructing a span across 6,700ft sound. Because it had twirling tides and currents in H2O at 500ft in deepness and besides fog and air current may forestall building. Finally, the proposal took topographic point in 1916 by James Wilkins, metropolis Engineer of San Francisco with the budget of $ 100million for which the authorities felt impractical. Later Joseph Strauss, ambitious applied scientist designed a 55 stat mi span across the sound with the promising budget of $ 17million. This proposal was accepted merely on the confidence of Strauss to change the design by confer withing undertaking experts and they considered the suspension type of span due to recent betterments in metallurgy.
The Undertaking has faced resistance from assorted beginnings. The Navy feared about ship hit with span may barricade entry to seaports. Department of war was concerned with ship traffic. Unions demanded to profit the local workers with employment. Southern Pacific rail route opposed the undertaking to cut down the competition to ferry services. Subsequently in 1928 the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District was authorized by legislative assembly and incorporated as entity to plan, concept and finance the undertaking. The territory raised $ 30 million for bond step and so approved in 1930. Finally the undertaking was carried out on January 1933 by the Construction Company called Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co. founded by Howard H. Mc Clintic and Charles D. Marshall. Strauss remained as a main applied scientist of the undertaking. At the clip of blessing the estimated budget for the building of construction was $ 23million which ran over budget to $ 27million. The undertaking was completed by April 1937 with $ 35million. The span was opened to walkers on May 27 1937 which is made walkers ‘ twenty-four hours and subsequently opened to vehicles.
Channel Tunnel –
The life rhythm of this undertaking is really huge which spans from the twelvemonth of 1802 to 1995. Channel Tunnel had faced many rejections for proposals before the existent beginning. Channel Tunnel between Dover, United Kingdom and Coquelles, France was foremost proposed in 1802 by Gallic excavation applied scientist Albert Mathieu. It was proposed to develop the links between two states. The first geological and hydrographical study was started in 1830 by Aime Thome de Gamond which resulted in positive for its building. Subsequently he proposed the undertaking to Napoleon III and that was turned down.
In 1867, William Low and Sir John Clarke Hawkshaw proposed the thoughts which show the benefits to both the states. But it was non implemented. In 1876, official Anglo French protocol for Channel Tunnel was established which lead to preliminary trails from both sides of the English Channel. This was opposed by the British political influences and imperativeness who feared that Tunnel may compromise with national defense mechanism. All these jobs were encountered that delayed the undertaking for a century.
In 1919, during the Paris Press Conference the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George brought up the thought by reassuring to France. This was once more delayed up to thirty old ages. In 1955, the defense mechanism statements were turned down which lead to get down the undertaking. In 1974, the building was started from the both sides of the Channel and it was ongoing up to one twelvemonth till the discouragement of the Gallic spouses and it was cancelled. Later In 1985, The British Channel Tunnel group which has two Bankss and five building companies, French-Manche group has three Bankss and five building companies were formed. Banks were at that place to advice on financials and loans. In 1986, Treaty of Canterbury was signed, that allowed proceedings with the undertaking.
The building of the tunnel from both sides was started in 1988. During the building, the service tunnel was broke through channel. It was eventually completed by 1994. Harmonizing to 2007, cost of building was $ 10,153 billion which was cost overproduction about 80 % . The undertaking was completed by Euro Tunnel which was officially opened on 6th May1994 by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand. But, full service to public was opened in 1995.
Undertaking Hazard
Golden Gate Bridge –
Although it was a successful undertaking, there were some possible hazards for its executing, during and after executing. At the clip of initial proposal the undertaking faced resistance from assorted beginnings. The Department of war opposed the span, because the span may barricade the ships which increase Ship traffic. The Navy was in concern about the path blocking, because any ship hits to bridge may barricade the paths to chief seaports. The local brotherhoods demanded employment in building and other sectors for their workers. Southern Pacific Rail route opposed the span to cut down the competition to ferry services. The land required for building was in difference with Secretary of War. During the building there was a concern about the strong tides and currents under H2O which would do temblor and could originate collapsing of the construction. Ferocious air currents and fogs may forestall the operation of building. Now even after completion of undertaking, it faces the hazard of inhumanely behavior such as self-destruction and or fluctuating toll rates which makes impact on the metropolis ‘s gross development.
Channel Tunnel –
The really common hazard for this type of under H2O tunnel undertakings is major H2O influx in to environing countries. Channel Tunnel undertaking had faced assorted hazards with basic undertaking design. The undertaking ran over budget due to increase in machinery cost by 7 % in 1988 and shutdown of machines due to failure in 1988. In 1989, Project faced Euros 1.2billion jurisprudence suit by TML ( Trans – Manche link Consortium ) against Eurotunnel and Change on door costs Euros 35million and hazard with safety characteristics, jobs with Air chilling systems in 1991, Delay in bringing of systems credence certifications. After opened to public services, three fire accidents have occurred in tunnel. The first fire accident happened in 1996 with 1000 grades Celsius which affected 50 metres of tunnel and damaged by blazing and the services were stopped for six months. The second was a minor accident happened in 2006 which made the tunnel to be closed for hours and the in September 2008, another accident occurred which made many people hospitalized and transit was closed for two yearss. These accidents made a serious impact on the tunnel which in bend reduced the gross and increased the ballyhoo for competitory services like flights and ferry services. These are merely some of the hazard that were n’t managed good in this undertaking.
Pull offing the Iron trigon – Cost, Time, Quality
Golden Gate Bridge
Cost, Time and Quality are the three chief factors to pull off Iron Triangle. In this undertaking, Cost – Initial appraisal of the undertaking was $ 100 million which was so reduced to $ 17 million and eventually fixed at $ 35million. The undertaking ‘s cost was good managed and executed with $ 1.3million under budget. Time – The undertaking was approved in the twelvemonth of 1930 and its building began in 1933 which was completed by 1937. The continuance of the undertaking was good managed without any holds. Quality – The quality of the undertaking was n’t standard. It depends up on providers and outsourcing organisations. Till today the undertaking is undergone to assorted alterations which show that the needed quality was n’t up to the grade in this undertaking.
Channel Tunnel –
In this undertaking the construct of pull offing the factors like cost, clip and quality was n’t done good. Cost – The estimated budget of the undertaking was $ 4.650 billion in 1985 and this was overrun up to 80 % and it ended with $ 10,153 billion. Due to assorted hazards it had faced in machinery, engineering and holds, jobs with providers the cost was about more than double. The clip factor was n’t managed decently. As it has many political influences and stakeholders, the undertaking was delayed at every phase. The quality of the undertaking was good managed during the after the completion of the undertaking, when it is compared to be and clip. Apart from the three fire accidents, the undertaking had reached its chief aim by supplying the quality conveyance services to travellers in Eurotunnel bird trains, users in Freight services.
Soft factors – Leadership, Teamwork, Commitment
Golden Gate Bridge –
In this undertaking, the construct of soft factors was good organized which in bend lead the undertaking to be successful. Leadership – The main applied scientist Strauss took the duty to supervise the undertaking ‘s building. Besides he managed the teamwork to be good organized and to lend its committedness for the undertaking. The construct of undertaking direction was really good structured and organized by the Mc Clintic – Marshall Construction Co. Company. With good leading skills the company managed to acquire proper co-operation and committedness from its squad, and all the providers and other stakeholders. These factors made the undertaking to be completed in clip and within the estimated budget.
Channel Tunnel –
The construct of soft factors in this undertaking is depended on assorted stakeholders involved in this undertaking. But after its completion, Eurotunnel Company managed to present good leading accomplishments for the care of the undertaking. Though the undertaking had faced assorted hazards, the teamwork and committedness from the interest holders made the undertaking to travel for farther proceedings and the committedness from human resources during the undertaking had reduced the holds caused by other grounds.
Supply concatenation Issues
Golden Gate Bridge –
Golden Gate Bridge undertaking has involved many organisations in its supply concatenation. Steel Construction- Bethlehem Steel co. , Cable Steel provider – John A. Roebling ‘s Sons Company ) and Human resources from Consulting Engineers – Ammann & A ; Whitney, Contractors – Dillingham Construction, Seismic retrofit Contractors – Balfour Beatty Construction and Co-Contracting – Obayashi Corp. , Shimmick Construction company Inc. , Prestressing – DYWIDAG – Systems International USA Inc.. It is improbable for any undertaking to run swimmingly with its supply concatenation issues. The undertaking has faced assorted jobs with Steel and Cable companies sing holds and quality of natural stuffs and engagement of labour in the building the company. Although there were supply concatenation issues, they were decently handled and the company followed the pre-designed concern procedures with all of its providers to accomplish its set of public presentation aims.
Channel Tunnel –
This undertaking had faced many supply concatenation issues with the engagement of assorted stakeholders at different phases of the undertaking. Undertaking faced rail design and turn overing stock issues from Brush – British company & A ; ABB – Swedish company, jobs is railway cars for cargo services with Breda and Fiat – Italian company. The budget was affected by supply concatenation issues like – In 1989, Project faced Euros 1.2billion jurisprudence suit by TML ( Trans – Manche link Consortium ) against Eurotunnel and Change on door costs Euros 35million. After 1996 fire accident, due to provide concatenation issues from service organisations at that place was a long hold of six months to re-start all the services. All these supply concatenation issues had created a serious impact on undertaking.
