Term |
Definition |
Chemical reaction |
one or more compounds formed; rearrangement of atoms. |
Reactants |
substances about to react |
Products |
newly formed substances |
law of conservation relative to chemical reactions |
matter is neither created or destroyed in any chemical or physical change |
Concentration of reactants |
involving liquid or gases; increase in rate or reaction |
Temperature |
heat or electromagnetic radiation will make it go quicker; cold can slow it down or stop it |
Catalyst, addition of |
substance increased the rate of chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy; can be a reactant, but then generates as a product |
Sunlight, addition of |
changes the temp |
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells |
act as catalyst; binds the reactants of a reaction & releases the products of the reaction; available for the same reaction again and again |
Photosynthesis |
conversion of light energy from sun into chemical energy |
Respiration |
energy transformation where potential chemical energy is the bonds of "food" molecules is release and partially captured in the bonds of ATP molecules; stored energy is released |
Organisms |
made of cells; obtain and use energy; grow and develop; reproduce; respond to environment; adapt to environment |
Prokaryotic cell |
before nucleus, single cell, pili, flagella, capsule, single circular chromosome, no organelles, cell wall |
Bacteria, Archeae |
Prkaryotic cells |
Eukaryotic cells |
true nucleus, organelles, single or multi cell, multiple linear chromosome, cell membrame e.g plants and animals |
Plants cells |
rigid, non living cell wall, chloroplast (photosynthesis), one large vacuole, plastids, |
Animal cells |
no cell walls, no plastid, cells more undefined |
Mitosis |
1 parent; 2 daughter cells; somatic (body) cells; identical diploids, same genetics of parent; form homologons chromosomes |
Meiosis |
4 non identical daughter cells; haploid; cross-over = genetic diversity; gametes (sex) cells, 2 division stages, 1 copy of every chromosome per cell |
Crossing over |
homologous chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane and one chromosome exchanges corresponding parts with it homologue; dividing cells no longer identical to the parent |
Mendels principle of segregation |
each hereditary char is controlled by two factors (alleles) which segregate and pass into separate cells |
Mendels principle of independent assortment |
parts of factors (alleles) segregate independently of each other when cells are formed |
Genetic mutations |
changes in genetic material of cells that pass from one generation to another |
Affects on DNA, ionizing radiation from radioactive materials |
when it strikes electrons within the body with enough energy electrons are freed from atoms; free electrons strike & damage DNA directly. |
Why bone marrow cells in the gastro tract are more vulnerable to radiation damage |
cells in the body that divide frequently have less time to repair DNA damage before that DNA is replicated and mutations are passed on. |
how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together |
glands release gastric juices; digestive enzymes & muscles combine to reduce our food to liquid; chyme exits stomach into small intestines; where digestion begins… acquiring energy for the body’s activities and protecting the body from disease. |
how our body maintains homeostatis |
through all functions e.g. breathing, eating, excreting |
neurons, spinal cord and brain work together to respond to stimuli |
neurons receive impulses and carry them from the sense organs to the spinal cord or brain |
cells, heart, arteries, and veins of the circulatory system transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide |
red blood cells transport oxygen away from heart; through blood; arteries of the heart pump the oxygen blood away from the heart… |
cells, tissues, organs associate with digestive system break down food |
glands release gastric juices; digestive enzymes & muscles combine to reduce our food to liquid; chyme exits stomach into small intestines; where digestion begins… |