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AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 1 AN100 LENT TERM ASSESSMENT ESSAY Why, and how, have anthropologists argued that exchange is the footing of societal life? “ Exchange is an act of giving something to person or making something for person and having something in return. “ 1 Harmonizing to the Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, „exchange? is the transportation of things between societal and actors.2 Thingss can be human or animate being, stuff or immaterial, words or things. The histrions can be persons, groups, or being such as Gods and spirits.3 Trade and swap are illustrations of some sorts of exchange. From the 18th and nineteenth century, anthropologists became more interested in the subject of exchange. In the past century, there is a turning concern on the complex societies, i.e. the West. It leads to a more critical probe for the anthropologists on exchange in West, when anthropologists such as Gregory discovered that exchange is linked to economic system. By now, exchange is a cosmopolitan activity. Furthermore, anthropologists realized exchange is cardinal to all people? s lives. Mauss stated that, “ exchange is a entire societal phenomenon. “ 4 Gifts Exchange in Christmas The exchange of gifts is really popular in many parts of the universe. In the undermentioned, I take in the history that exchange takes topographic point with a generalised medium of exchange, i.e. money. Therefore, in order to ease trade, barter give manner off to selling ( C-M ) , and so the money is so used to purchase other trade goods ( M-C? ) .5 Carrier examined people? s mentality on interchanging Christmas gifts and he found that it does related to their societal dealingss. The rising sociality of Christmas highlights the 1 Hornby ( 2000:433 ) 2 Carrier ( 1996:218 ) 3 Carrier ( 1996:218 ) 4 Gregory ( 1994:911 ) 5 Gregory ( 1992:912 ) It is one of the classs of production-of-exchange, i.e. trade good exchange Karl Marx developed. This type of trade good of exchange is identified as „selling-in-order-to-buy in the provincial markets. AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 2 importance of interchanging of gifts, and it reflected people? s Christmas shopping behavior to the footing of societal life. Harmonizing to Caplow, parents and immature kids exchange gifts in an unequal value and measure. In most of the clip, the gifts from the parents to their immature kids have more in measure and besides in value. There is no outlook of tantamount return in this relationship. Whereas, for gift exchange between the partners, there will be an active concern on the gifts are approximative equal in value.6 Carrier ( 1993:58 ) suggested that it is more likely for people to demo their fondness to their household within a close family by interchanging Christmas nowadays. As the relationship go more distant, people are less likely to demo their affectionate. Rather, it would be a more anomic giving and marks the dealingss which will be reasonably impersonal utilitarian.7 As mentioned above, apart from interchanging Christmas gifts in Christmas Eve? s banquet, shopping for Christmas gifts is besides a high spot for the exchange and it besides maintain the footing of societal life. Carrier ( 1993:63 ) takes the point that the scope of societal dealingss will be greater than normal when buying for the points. He suggested that this would be an one-year rite to change over trade goods into gifts. This ritual allows us to observe and animate personal dealingss with the anon. objects available to us.8 Furthermore, Boxing Day allows merchandisers to observe the hierarchal dealingss outside their families. Apparently, Christmas is merely interchanging Christmas gifts between household and friends. In world, through interchanging Christmas gifts, it celebrates dealingss with household, and besides those who are distinguishable from relation in the outside universe. Carrier ( 1993:69 ) take the point that Christmas is besides “ …
Students Paper: Direct Quotation mark:
… is besides “ a reunion of households sanctified and chastened by stamp memories and associations ; and allow the societal intercourse of friends, with pleasant reminiscence, regenerate the ties if fondness…
… set apart a reunion of households, sanctified and chastened by stamp memories and associations ; and allow the societal intercourse of friends, with pleasant reminiscence, regenerate the ties of fondness and… … if fondness and beef up the bonds of kindly experiencing…
Students Paper: Direct Quotation mark:
… ties if fondness and beef up the bonds of kindly experiencing. “ 9 Garage…
… the ties of fondness and beef up the bonds of kindly experiencing. And allow us…
… . “ 9 Garage gross revenues is American society Some anthropologists look at people? s day-to-day life activities to reason that exchange is the footing of societal life. Herrmann looked at the US garage sale exchange civilization in order to look into the societal relationship built between the purchaser and marketer. Herrmann ( 1997:915 ) suggested that garage sale exchange allows the neighbors in the vicinity come to cognize each other, as “ the neighbours are attracted by 6 Carrier ( 1993:55 ) 7 Carrier ( 1993:58 ) 8 Carrier ( 1993:63 ) 9 Carrier ( 1993:96 ) AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 3 informal unfastened invitation to the populace to halt by and look over the garage sale goods. “ 10 Furthermore, Herrmann 01997:915 ) besides take the point that some vicinity garage sale takes topographic point in order to pull the neighbour out of their houses for societal interaction. 10 Herrmann ( 1997:915 )
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Master papers text
AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 1 AN100 LENT TERM ASSESSMENT ESSAY Why, and how, have anthropologists argued that exchange is the footing of societal life? “ Exchange is an act of giving something to person or making something for person and having something in return. “ 1 Harmonizing to the Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, „exchange? is the transportation of things between societal and actors.2 Thingss can be human or animate being, stuff or immaterial, words or things. The histrions can be persons, groups, or being such as Gods and spirits.3 Trade and swap are illustrations of some sorts of exchange. From the 18th and nineteenth century, anthropologists became more interested in the subject of exchange. In the past century, there is a turning concern on the complex societies, i.e. the West. It leads to a more critical probe for the anthropologists on exchange in West, when anthropologists such as Gregory discovered that exchange is linked to economic system. By now, exchange is a cosmopolitan activity. Furthermore, anthropologists realized exchange is cardinal to all people? s lives. Mauss stated that, “ exchange is a entire societal phenomenon. “ 4 Gifts Exchange in Christmas The exchange of gifts is really popular in many parts of the universe. In the undermentioned, I take in the history that exchange takes topographic point with a generalised medium of exchange, i.e. money. Therefore, in order to ease trade, barter give manner off to selling ( C-M ) , and so the money is so used to purchase other trade goods ( M-C? ) .5 Carrier examined people? s mentality on interchanging Christmas gifts and he found that it does related to their societal dealingss. The rising sociality of Christmas highlights the 1 Hornby ( 2000:433 ) 2 Carrier ( 1996:218 ) 3 Carrier ( 1996:218 ) 4 Gregory ( 1994:911 ) 5 Gregory ( 1992:912 ) It is one of the classs of production-of-exchange, i.e. trade good exchange Karl Marx developed. This type of trade good of exchange is identified as „selling-in-order-to-buy in the provincial markets. AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 2 importance of interchanging of gifts, and it reflected people? s Christmas shopping behavior to the footing of societal life. Harmonizing to Caplow, parents and immature kids exchange gifts in an unequal value and measure. In most of the clip, the gifts from the parents to their immature kids have more in measure and besides in value. There is no outlook of tantamount return in this relationship. Whereas, for gift exchange between the partners, there will be an active concern on the gifts are approximative equal in value.6 Carrier ( 1993:58 ) suggested that it is more likely for people to demo their fondness to their household within a close family by interchanging Christmas nowadays. As the relationship go more distant, people are less likely to demo their affectionate. Rather, it would be a more anomic giving and marks the dealingss which will be reasonably impersonal utilitarian.7 As mentioned above, apart from interchanging Christmas gifts in Christmas Eve? s banquet, shopping for Christmas gifts is besides a high spot for the exchange and it besides maintain the footing of societal life. Carrier ( 1993:63 ) takes the point that the scope of societal dealingss will be greater than normal when buying for the points. He suggested that this would be an one-year rite to change over trade goods into gifts. This ritual allows us to observe and animate personal dealingss with the anon. objects available to us.8 Furthermore, Boxing Day allows merchandisers to observe the hierarchal dealingss outside their families. Apparently, Christmas is merely interchanging Christmas gifts between household and friends. In world, through interchanging Christmas gifts, it celebrates dealingss with household, and besides those who are distinguishable from relation in the outside universe. Carrier ( 1993:69 ) take the point that Christmas is besides “ a reunion of households sanctified and chastened by stamp memories and associations ; and allow the societal intercourse of friends, with pleasant reminiscence, regenerate the ties if fondness and beef up the bonds of kindly experiencing. “ 9 Garage gross revenues is American society Some anthropologists look at people? s day-to-day life activities to reason that exchange is the footing of societal life. Herrmann looked at the US garage sale exchange civilization in order to look into the societal relationship built between the purchaser and marketer. Herrmann ( 1997:915 ) suggested that garage sale exchange allows the neighbors in the vicinity come to cognize each other, as “ the neighbours are attracted by 6 Carrier ( 1993:55 ) 7 Carrier ( 1993:58 ) 8 Carrier ( 1993:63 ) 9 Carrier ( 1993:96 ) AN100 Introduction to Social Anthropology Candidate Number: 10615 Class Teacher: Ms Indira Arumugam Date: 26th April, 2010 ( Lent Term ) 3 informal unfastened invitation to the populace to halt by and look over the garage sale goods. “ 10 Furthermore, Herrmann 01997:915 ) besides take the point that some vicinity garage sale takes topographic point in order to pull the neighbour out of their houses for societal interaction. 10 Herrmann ( 1997:915 )
