Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen, German physicist
Who discovered x-rays?
Visualize internal structures, serve as a diagnostic aid in determining the presence of disease, detect abnormal conditions assoicated with the skeletal system, used therapeutically in treatment of disease conditions
What is the functions of x-rays?
Conventional and digital
What are the two ways in which radiographs can be taken?
Radiograph may of poor quality and procedure may have to be rescheduls
What is the importance of proper patient preparation for a radiograph examination?
Makes a particular structure visible on the radiograph
What is the function of a radiopaque contrast medium?
Orally, injected into a vein, delivered through an IV line, or an enema
What are the various ways in which a contrast medium can be administered to a patient?
Anteroposterior view
X-rays that are directed from the front toward the back of the body. The patient is positioned with the anterior part of the body facing the radiograph tube and the posterior facing the radiograph film. This view is referred to as:
Posteroanterior view
X-rays that are directed from the back toward the front of the body. The patient is positioned with the posterior aspect of the body facing the radiograph tube and the anterior facing the radiograph film. This view is referred to as:
Lateral view.
X-ray beams pass from one side of the body to the opposite. This view is referred to as:
Right lateral view
The right side of patient’s body is positioned next to the radiograph film. The x-ras are directed through the body from the left to right side. This view is referred to as:
Left lateral view
The left side of a patient’s body is positioned next to the radiograph film. X-rays are directed through the body from the right to left side.
Oblique view
The patient’s bod is positioned at an angle or semilateral position. This view is referred to as:
Supine position
The patient is positioned on the back with face upward. This view is referred to as:
Prone position
The patient is positioned on the abdomen with head turned to one side. This view is referred to as:
To detect benign breast masses, breast calcifications, fibrocystic breast disease, breast cancer, and to monitor the effects of surgery and radiation therapy on breast tumors
What is the purpose of mammography?
These items may contain small amounts of metal that can be seen on a radiograph, may interfere with interpretation
Why should the patient be instructed not to wear lotions, powders, or deodorants when having a mammogram?
To obtain a clear radiograph, to lower the radiation dosage as much as possible
Why must the breasts be compressed during a mammography?
Measures the bone mineral density of the human skeleton to detect bone loss
What is the purpose of a bone density scan?
Osteoporosis
A condtion in which a gradual loss of calcium causes the bones to become thinner, more fragile, and more likely to break
Postmenopausal women
Who is at risk for osteoporosis?
Abstain from taking a calcium supplement or osteoporosis medication on the morning of the examination
What is the patient prep for a bone density scan?
Helpful in diagnosing disorders of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, GERD, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer, benign/malignant tumors
What is the purpose of the upper GI radiographic exam?
Increase fiber and fluid intake for several days fllowing procedure
How can constipation be prevented after an upper GI examination?
Colon disorders, polyp’s, cancerous tumors, diverticulosis, extent of inflammatory bowel disease
Lower GI’s assist in diagnosing what condtions?
Gas has a degree of density and shows up as confusing shadows on the radiograph. Fecal material will obscure the image of the colon.
Why is gas and fecal material removed from the colon before a lower GI?
Distends the wall of the colon which allows the radiologist to view the colon in greater detail and makes it easier to detect polyp’s and small cancerous tumors.
What is the advantage of the air used with a double-contrast barium enema?
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
A radiograph of the kidney’s, ureters, and bladder is referred to as :
Kidney stones, blockage or narrowing of the urinary tract, growths within or near the urinary system.
What conditions does an IVP assis in diagnosing?
Patient may feel warm and flushed and/or a metallic or salty taste in the mouth.
What may a patient experience during an IVP when the iodine enters the bloodstream?
Angiocardiogram
A radiograph of the heart in which valves and vessels are examined with radiography and fluoroscopy after introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Bronchogram
A radiograph of the lungs after introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Cerebral angiogram
A radiograph of the major arteries of the brain after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Chest radiograph
A radiograph of the chest that does not use contrast medium is called:
Cholangiogram
A radiograph of the bile ducts after administration of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Coronary angiogram
A radiograph of the coronary arteries after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Cystogram
A radiograph of the urinary bladder after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Hysterosalpingogram
A radiograph of the uterus and fallopia tubes after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Myelogram
A radiograph of the spinal column after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium is called:
Retrograde pyelogram
A radiograph of the kidney’s and urinary tract after injection of radiopaque contrast medium directly into the ureter through a ureteral catheter. Dye flows to kidney’s through the ureters. This is called:
To diagnose conditions of abdominal/pelvic organs, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidney’s, uterus, ovaries, abdominal aorta
What are the primary uses of an ultrasound?
Shows movement, allows continuousviewing of a structure, uses sound waves rather than radiation, less expensive than other imaging procedures.
What are the advantages of ultrasounds?
Size, shape, and position of the heart, movement of heart valves and chambers.
What can be determmined during an electrocardiogram?
It increases conductivity of the sound waves between the skin and the transducer.
What is the purpose of the gel used with ultrasounds?
Determine gestational age of fetus, confirm due date, detect congential abnormalities, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, and fetus size.
Why are obstetric ultrasounds performed?
Diagnosing blood flow blockages, narrowing of blood vessels due to atherosclerosis, congenital malformations.
Doppler ultrasound assists in the diagnosis of what conditions?
Series of cross-sectional images of a body part, permits the image of a structure that cannot be visualized with conventional radiographic procedures.
What type of image is produced by computer tomography?
Detect/evaluate tumors and other abnormalities, monitor effects of surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy on tumors.
What are the primary uses of computed tomography?
Remove dentures, eyeglasses, jewelry, may need to fast before procedure, lie motionless and breathe normally, procedure takes 10 minutes to 1 hour.
What is the patient prep for cmputed tomography?
Imaging tissues of high fat and water content that cannot br seen with other radiologic techniques, assists in diagnosis of intracranial and spinal lesions, cardiovascular and soft tissue abnormalities, allows examiner to see through bone and view fluid-filled soft tissue in great detail.
What are the primary uses of MRI’s?
Metal or magnetic-sensitive objects (hairpins, eyeglasses, hearing aids, watches, rings, credit cards, no cosmetics.
What items must be removed by the patient before having an MRI?
Radiopharmaceuticals
Material that is used with nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging procedures is called:
To detect small fracutres or lesions that may not be visible on other diagnostic imaging examinations.
What is the purpose of a bone scan?
Coronary artery disease
A nuclear cardiac stress test assists in the evaluation of what heart condition?
Conditions of the brain and heart (brain cancer/heart disease).
A PET scan assists in the diagnosis of what conditions?
Inceased efficiency and cost savings, better patient care. higher quality images, ability to transfer digital images electronically.
What are the advantages of digital imaging technology?
Barium sulfate
What contrast medium is used in upper Gi radiography?
Sound
ech/o
Heart
cardi/o
Record
-gram
Fluorescence
fluor/o
Instrument used for visual examination
-scope
Visual examination
-scopy
Radiation
radi/o
Instrument used to record
-graph
Process of recording, x-ray filming
-graphy
One who studies and practices
-ologist
Study of
-ology
Transparent
lucent
Opaque
opaque
Sound
son/o
Beyond, excess
ultra-
Radiograph
A permanent record of a picture of an internal body organ or structure produced on radiographic film
Radiologist
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease using radiation and other imaging techniques
Contrast medium
a substance used to make a particular structure visible on a radiograph
Sonogram
The record obtained with ultrasonography
Enema
An injection of fluid into the rectum to aid in the elimination of feces from the colon
Radiology
The branch of medicine that deals with the use of radiation and other imaging techniques in the diagnosis and treatment ofdisease
Fluoroscope
An insturment used to view internal organs and structures directly
Radiopaque
Describing a structure that obstructs the passage of x-rays
Radiography
The taking of permanent records of internal body organs and structures by passing x-rays through the body to act on a specially sensitized film
Radiolucent
Describing a structure that permits the passage of x-rays
Fluoroscopy
Examination of a patient with a fluoroscope
Echocardiogram
An ultrasound examination of the heart
Ultrasonography
The use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue
True
A radiologist is a doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of disease using radiation and other imaging techniques.
False (Radiograph)
The permanent record of the picture produced on x-ray film is a sonogra.
True
The purpose of a contrast medium is to make a structure visible on a radiograph.
False (x-rays are directed from the front toward the back of the body)
With an anteroposterior view, x-rays are directed from the back toward the front of the body.
True
Mammography can be used to detect breast calcification.
False
An upper GI exam assists in diagnosing kidney stones.
True
An IVP is a radiograph of the kidney’s, ureters, and bladder.
True
Ultrasonography allows for the continuous viewing of a structure.
True
Obstetric ultrasound can be used to determine gestational age.
False (Radiopaque)
Bone is an example of a radiolucent structure.
True
An instrument used to view internal organs directly is a fluoroscope.
True
The patient should be insturcted not to move during a radiographic exam to prevent confusing shoadows on the film.
False (Causes stool to be whitish and constipation)
After an upper GI study is performed, the barium causes the stool to be loose and watery.
Falso (Iodine)
Before performing an IVP, the patient must be asked if he or she is allergic to penicillin.
True
Computed tomography produces a series of cross-sectional images.
True
A radioactive material is introduced into the body before a nuclear medicine imaging procedure is performed.
