Mastering A&P ch.26

The urinary system does all of the following except
a. regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
b. excreting excess albumin molecules.
c. eliminating organic waste products.
d. regulating blood volume.
e. contributing to stabilizing blood pH.

Functions of the urinary system include
a. conservation of valuable nutrients.
b. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
c. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
d. helping to stabilize blood pH.
e. All of the answers are correct.

A glomerulus is
a. the expanded end of a nephron.
b. attached to the collecting duct.
c. the source of erythropoietin.
d. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
e. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?
a. Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.
b. The kidney produces calcitriol.
c. Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.
d. Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.
e. Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.

Urine is eliminated through the

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
a. releasing renin.
b. regulating NaCl levels in the blood.
c. adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.
d. releasing erythropoietin.
e. All of the answers are correct.

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?
a. regulation of blood pressure
b. maintenance of various blood ion concentrations
c. control of wastes in the blood
d. lipid digestion
e. control of hydrogen ion and pH in the blood

The kidney does all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a. regulate plasma electrolytes
b. regulate blood volume
c. help stabilize blood pH
d. secrete excess albumin

In which part of the nephron does filtration occur?
a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. renal corpuscle
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. ascending limb of the loop of Henle

What is the name of the most porous layer of the filtration membrane?
a. fenestrated endothelium
b. visceral epithelium
c. filtration slits
d. capsular epithelium

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
a. vasa recta.
b. interlobular arteriole.
c. afferent arteriole.
d. efferent arteriole.
e. renal vein.

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
a. efferent arterioles.
b. corticoradiate capillaries.
c. vasa recta capillaries.
d. proximal capillaries.
e. peritubular capillaries.

The renal veins drain into the

Renal columns are
a. internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
b. bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
c. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
d. expanded ends of the ureters.
e. the basic functional units of the kidney.

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
a. adjusting the urine pH.
b. secretion of drugs.
c. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
d. secretion of acids and ammonia.
e. filtration.

The process of filtration occurs at the

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?
a. podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus
b. fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes
c. filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores
d. dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule
e. endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney where the ureter exits is called the __________.

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.

The urinary filtrate first enters __________.

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

Where are the renal columns located?

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

What is the function of the renal pelvis?
a. Collects newly formed urine
b. Filters waste products out of the blood
c. Changes the composition of urine
d. Receives the glomerular filtrate

Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?
a. urea
b. hydrogen ions
c. amino acids
d. creatinine
e. large proteins

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except
a. reduce blood flow to kidneys.
b. increase the glomerular filtration rate.
c. trigger renin release.
d. produce renal ischemia.
e. produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?
a. damage to the glomeruli
b. permanent kidney injury
c. presence of blood in urine
d. presence of protein in urine
e. All of the answers are correct.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
a. filtrate in the capsular space.
b. presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.
c. blood pressure.
d. constriction of the efferent arteriole.
e. protein in the filtrate.

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
a. nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea
b. water and small solutes
c. ions, such as sodium and potassium
d. blood cells and large particles

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
a. hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
b. colloid osmotic pressure of blood
c. gravity

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?
a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
b. autonomic regulation
c. vasoconstriction
d. glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a. the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute
b. the blood pressure within the glomerulus
c. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
d. the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except
a. facilitated diffusion.
b. cotransport.
c. active transport.
d. countertransport.
e. stem cell movements.

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves
a. an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
b. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
c. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
d. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
e. All of the answers are correct.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
a. hematuric oliguria.
b. absence of ADH.
c. overproduction of aldosterone.
d. excessive ADH secretion.
e. dilation of the afferent arterioles.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
a. reduction of blood pressure.
b. less secretion of aldosterone.
c. decreased sodium reabsorption.
d. increased urinary loss of sodium.
e. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate?

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains
a. nutrients.
b. hydrogen ions.
c. water.
d. urea.
e. All of the answers are correct.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
a. the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
b. permeability to water in the collecting system increases.
c. water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.
d. a concentrated urine is produced.
e. less urine is produced.

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as

The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

Which of the following activities occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule?
a. secretion of hydrogen ions
b. reabsorption of 99 percent of organic nutrients
c. reabsorption of water
d. All of the listed activities occur at the proximal convoluted tubule.

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body’s content of sodium?

Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication?
a. It exploits the structure of the nephron loop.
b. It creates a hyperosmotic peritubular fluid in the kidney medulla.
c. It depends on active ion transport to function.
d. It is opposed by the vasa recta.

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?
a. ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney.
b. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
c. ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules.
d. ADH would increase urine volume.

Which of the following statements about filtrate is INCORRECT?
Select the best answer.
a. The filtrate is produced within the proximal convoluted tubule.
b. The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex.
c. The filtrate is similar to blood plasma.
d. The filtrate has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

The detrusor muscle
a. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.
b. functions as the external urinary sphincter.
c. surrounds the renal pelvis.
d. functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
e. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE?
a. It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.
b. It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder.
c. It is composed of smooth muscle.
d. It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves.

Which of these is NOT an aspect of the micturition reflex arc?
a. It involves sympathetic nervous system function.
b. The effector is the detrusor muscle.
c. CNS processing occurs in the sacral cord.
d. It is stimulated by mechanoreceptors.

What type of epithelium is found lining the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the proximal portion of the urethra?

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except
a. a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate).
b. loss of sphincter muscle tone.
c. problems with the micturition reflex.
d. increased sensitivity to ADH.
e. a decline in the number of functional nephrons.

Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is

Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system.

Which of these is NOT considered to be part of the excretory system?
a. urinary system
b. integumentary system
c. cardiovascular system
d. respiratory system