A). debt
B). income
C). the interest rate
D). spending
A). 100
B). 50-75
C). 10-15
D).1-2
A). exclude consumers; periodically mow, collect, and weigh the plants; and calculate plant biomass production per unit time
B). measure the solar energy influx to the site
C). measure the growth of all of the consumers in the system
D). measure the total biomass of organisms per unit area
A). 1
B). 10
C). 100
D). 1,000
A). more than 100, because beef is a higher quality food source than the crops it replaces
B). about 100
C). about 50
D). at most 10
A). stream maintenance
B). slowing down of extinctions
C). water purification
D). development of new species within an ecosystem
A). community diversity
B). organismal diversity
C). ecosystem diversity
D). population diversity
E). biosphere diversity
A). the greenhouse effect
B). global warming
C). habitat destruction
D). thinning of the ozone layer
E). predation
A). complex population interactions
B). a higher degree of habitat heterogeneity
C). increased energy availability
D). narrower niches
E). the introduction of invasive species
A). niche
B). population
C). community
D). food chain
E). ecosystem
A). range
B). environmental habitat
C). territory
D). biome
E). ecological niche
A). whether it is early or late in ecological succession
B). what it eats
C). the rate at which it uses energy
D). the intensity of its competition with other species
E). where it lives
A). a secondary consumer
B). a primary consumer
C). a tertiary consumer
D). primary and secondary consumers
E). secondary and tertiary consumers
A). species richness
B). relative abundance
C). ecological succession
D). species diversity
E). keystone species
A). changes gradually because each species responds differently to changes in environmental factors
B). repeats itself at periodic intervals
C). changes abruptly because environmental factors change abruptly
D). initially remains constant over long periods of time
E). decreases until all but one species goes extinct
A). growth of weeds and woody shrubs in a vegetable garden that is abandoned
B). colonization of a newly formed volcanic island
C). regrowth on prairies after a wildfire started by a lightning strike
D). forested areas that are logged and allowed to regrow
E). agricultural fields that are abandoned
A). predation
B). parasitism
C). competition
D). mutualism
E). herbivory
A). warning coloration
B). predation
C). mimicry
D). cryptic coloration
E). character displacement
A). agonistic
B). mutualistic
C). friendly
D). competitive
E). parasitic
A). parasitism
B). symbiosis
C). independence
D). mutualism
E). predation
A). As the amount of organic material increases with increasing trophic level, the amount of toxin also increases.
B). Because the amount of organic material of individual organisms increases with increasing trophic level, their bodies contain more of the toxin.
C). As the amount of organic material decreases with increasing trophic level, the amount of toxin also decreases.
D). Because the amount of organic material in individual organisms decreases with increasing trophic level, their bodies contain a higher concentration of the toxin.
E). Although the amount of organic material decreases with increasing trophic level, the amount of toxin remains the same.
A). primary consumers
B). producers
C). decomposers
D). secondary consumers
E). detritivores
A). humans
B). detritivores
C). lions
D). shrimp
E). poison ivy
A). Overgrazing causes a loss of nutrients from soil.
B). Grass grows on a sand dune, then shrubs, and then trees.
C). Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use.
D). A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse.
E). Imported pheasants increase, while local quail disappear.
A). heat from Earth
B). respiration
C). the sun
D). minerals in the soil
E). decomposition
A). they prevent catastrophic extinctions
B). nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled
C). energy flows through ecosystems in one direction only and is eventually dissipated as heat
D). they remove poisons and keep them locked up in abiotic reservoirs
E). they keep the planet warm enough for living things to survive
A). organisms always need energy, but they don’t always need nutrients
B). the amount of energy is much greater than the amount of nutrients
C). nutrients are recycled, but energy is not
D). energy is recycled, but nutrients are not
E). organisms always need nutrients, but they don’t always need energy
A). return of CO2 to the atmosphere by animal and plant respiration
B). weathering of rocks to release mineral phosphate
C). the functioning of carbon-fixing bacteria in the soil
D). precipitation and transpiration
E). assimilation of nitrates by plants
A). sustainable development
B). landscape ecology
C). conservation biology
D). ecology
E). a biodiversity hot spot
A). landscapes
B). biodiversity hot spots
C). zoned reserves
D). critical habitats
E). endemic areas
A). zoned reserve
B). landscape
C). sink
D). source
E). biome