microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis?
that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
Mutualism is a relationship
mutualism
A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as
both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen
The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as
parenteral route
Chagas’ disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent?
subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel.
Symptoms are
the kidneys
Axenic systems of the body include
A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.
In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease?
The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.
Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE?
microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.
Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota?
treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?
both Candida and Lactobacillus
Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system?
neurotoxins
Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin?
hyaluronidase
Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body?
the illness period
Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe?
yellow fever
Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route?
cockroach transmission of Shigella
Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?
fever
Which of the following is a sign of disease?
in a health care facility
A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired
iatrogenic infections
Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as
fecal-oral infection
Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world?
noncommunicable disease.
Acne is an example of a
epidemic
In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza (“swine flu”) in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) __________ disease.
there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.
The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means
identified in a given area or population.
The index case is the first case of a disease
contaminated water
In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission?
experimental epidemiology
Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch’s postulates to study a disease?
droplet
Aerosols may be involved in __________ transmission of pathogens.
inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
Fomites are
Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch’s postulates?
typhoid fever
Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis?
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?
via animals
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen?
pseudomembranous colitis.
Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of
Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M
Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct?
any microorganism that causes disease.
A pathogen is best described as
organisms that remain in the body for a short time.
Microbes known as transient microbiota are
microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.
Opportunistic microorganisms are
microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.
Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as
a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.
The condition known as mutualism is
a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed.
Commensalism is best described as
a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.
The condition called parasitism is characterized as
that is free of microbes
An axenic environment is one
an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.
The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as
a source of microbial contamination
A reservoir is
FALSE
In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other.
true
Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body.
true
A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease.
FALSE
All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness.
FALSE
Fomites cause disease by direct contact.
FALSE
A common cold is an example of a chronic disease.
true
Infection from a mosquito bite is an example of the parenteral route of transmission.
true
An antiphagocytic factor is one that permits pathogens to avoid attack by macrophages.
FALSE
Koch’s postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen.
FALSE
An infection always leads to disease.
