Microbiology Chapter 14

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means that

12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000.

12.43/100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.

12.43/100,000 died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000.

there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.

there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.

there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.
Which of the following is the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens?

the respiratory tract

the eyes and skin

the digestive tract

the placenta

the urinary tract

the respiratory tract
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Fomites are

inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.

animal sources for human pathogens.

silent carriers of infectious diseases.

insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host.

fecal material from infected hosts.

inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
Acne is an example of a

latent disease.

noncommunicable disease.

chronic disease.

contagious disease.

subacute disease.

noncommunicable disease
Which of the following microbe/disease pairs was disproven using Koch’s postulates?

Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy

varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox

HIV and AIDS

hepatitis B and D and liver cancer

Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
Which of the following allow(s) bacteria to invade deeper tissues?

collagenase

coagulase

neurotoxins

lipid A

streptokinase

collagenase
The index case is the first case of a disease

transmitted to another individual in a given area or population.

in a given area or population in which the patient recovers.

in a given area or population resulting in patient death.

identified in a given area or population.

to be successfully treated in a given area or population.

identified in a given area or population.
Resident microbiota are found in all of the following locations in the body EXCEPT:

the upper respiratory tract.

the upper digestive tract.

the lower digestive tract.

the urinary system.

the lower respiratory tract.

the lower respiratory tract.
Which of the following may not always be a part of an infectious disease process?

the decline period

the illness period

the convalescence period

the incubation period

the prodromal period

Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world?

body fluid transmission

waterborne transmission

foodborne transmission

contaminated fomites

fecal-oral infection

fecal-oral infection
Which of the following situations might cause normal flora to become opportunistic pathogens?

treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine

growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin

growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth

presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon

treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
Droplet nuclei are a factor in which of the following modes of transmission?

contact

vehicle

vector

Both A and B are correct.

Both B and C are correct.

Which of the following is not considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen?

via body fluid

via air

via drinking water

via animals

via food

via animals
According to Koch’s postulates, in order to prove that any given infectious agent causes a certain disease a scientist must satisfy all of the following requirements EXCEPT:

the cultured pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible experimental host.

the same pathogen must be reisolated in the diseased experimental host.

the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors.

the pathogen must be cultured and isolated from every case of the disease.

the pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors.
Which of the following is not an example of symbiosis?

bacteria in the human colon

tuberculosis in the human lung

microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

protozoa in termites

tapeworm in the human intestine

microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
All of the following are normal microbiota found in the lower digestive tract EXCEPT:

Shigella.

Candida.

Escherichia.

Proteus.

Staphylococcus.

Staphylococcus.
Which of the following statements concerning transient microbiota is false?

They can be eliminated by competition with other microbes.

They remain in the body for only a short time.

They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota.

They are not able to resist the body’s defenses.

All of these are true statements.

They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota.
Which of the following is an example of the mucous membranes serving as a portal of entry for disease?

a bite by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite

the crossing of a pathogen from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta

tntroduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears

an injection with a contaminated needle

digestion of the outer layer of the skin by fungi

introduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears
All of the following statements describe types of symbiosis EXCEPT:

Sometimes both members in the relationship benefit.

One member in the relationship can harm the other.

If both members benefit, they can’t live without each other.

Sometimes only a single member in the relationship benefits.

The relationship results in death for some members.

If both members benefit, they can’t live without each other.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis?

salmonellosis

rabies

typhus

typhoid fever

anthrax

typhoid fever
Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of

botulism.

tetanus.

bed sores.

pseudomembranous colitis.

cholera.

pseudomembranous colitis.
Iatrogenic infections are

vector transmitted.

physician induced.

contagious.

sexually transmitted.

opportunistic.

physician induced.
Which of the following is not an airborne transmitted disease?

measles

tetanus

histoplasmosis

tuberculosis

chickenpox

tetanus
Normal microbiota are first acquired

during birth.

at age eighteen.

during the first month.

by age five.

after one year of age.

during birth.
All of the following are antiphagocytic factors produced by pathogens EXCEPT:

leukocidins.

M protein.

cytotoxins.

capsules.

All of these are antiphagocytic factors.

cytotoxins.
Descriptive epidemiology would tabulate all of the following information about a disease EXCEPT:

a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease.

a mapping of the location of a disease.

the time the cases of the disease occurred.

the age of the patient.

the course and chain of transmission of a disease.

a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease.
Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch’s postulates to study a disease?

retrospective epidemiology

systemic epidemiology

analytical epidemiology

descriptive epidemiology

experimental epidemiology

experimental epidemiology
Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline

incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline

illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
Which of the following is NOT considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system?

Candida

E. coli

Lactobacillus

Bacteroides

Trichomonas

E. coli
Which of the following is not transmitted by direct contact mode?

cutaneous anthrax

gonorrhea

ringworm

yellow fever

warts

yellow fever
A disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population is considered

sporadic.

opportunistic.

endemic.

epidemic.

pandemic.

epidemic.
Which of the following is a mechanical vector?

housefly

cockroach

louse

Both A and B are correct.

Both A and C are correct.

Both A and B are correct.
Symptoms are

laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.

characteristics of a disease, such as sweating.

objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.

objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured.

subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.

subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.
Mutualism is a relationship

where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.

that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.

where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other.

where only one member derives benefit from the other.

where one member of the relationship may kill the other.

that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired by

using a contaminated needle.

eating contaminated food.

being bitten by an infected insect.

being in a health care facility.

having unprotected sexual intercourse.

being in a health care facility.
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