12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000.
12.43/100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.
12.43/100,000 died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000.
there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.
there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.
the respiratory tract
the eyes and skin
the digestive tract
the placenta
the urinary tract
inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
animal sources for human pathogens.
silent carriers of infectious diseases.
insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host.
fecal material from infected hosts.
latent disease.
noncommunicable disease.
chronic disease.
contagious disease.
subacute disease.
Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy
varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox
HIV and AIDS
hepatitis B and D and liver cancer
Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
collagenase
coagulase
neurotoxins
lipid A
streptokinase
transmitted to another individual in a given area or population.
in a given area or population in which the patient recovers.
in a given area or population resulting in patient death.
identified in a given area or population.
to be successfully treated in a given area or population.
the upper respiratory tract.
the upper digestive tract.
the lower digestive tract.
the urinary system.
the lower respiratory tract.
the decline period
the illness period
the convalescence period
the incubation period
the prodromal period
body fluid transmission
waterborne transmission
foodborne transmission
contaminated fomites
fecal-oral infection
treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine
growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin
growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth
presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon
contact
vehicle
vector
Both A and B are correct.
Both B and C are correct.
via body fluid
via air
via drinking water
via animals
via food
the cultured pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible experimental host.
the same pathogen must be reisolated in the diseased experimental host.
the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors.
the pathogen must be cultured and isolated from every case of the disease.
the pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
bacteria in the human colon
tuberculosis in the human lung
microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
protozoa in termites
tapeworm in the human intestine
Shigella.
Candida.
Escherichia.
Proteus.
Staphylococcus.
They can be eliminated by competition with other microbes.
They remain in the body for only a short time.
They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota.
They are not able to resist the body’s defenses.
All of these are true statements.
a bite by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite
the crossing of a pathogen from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta
tntroduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears
an injection with a contaminated needle
digestion of the outer layer of the skin by fungi
Sometimes both members in the relationship benefit.
One member in the relationship can harm the other.
If both members benefit, they can’t live without each other.
Sometimes only a single member in the relationship benefits.
The relationship results in death for some members.
salmonellosis
rabies
typhus
typhoid fever
anthrax
botulism.
tetanus.
bed sores.
pseudomembranous colitis.
cholera.
vector transmitted.
physician induced.
contagious.
sexually transmitted.
opportunistic.
measles
tetanus
histoplasmosis
tuberculosis
chickenpox
during birth.
at age eighteen.
during the first month.
by age five.
after one year of age.
leukocidins.
M protein.
cytotoxins.
capsules.
All of these are antiphagocytic factors.
a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease.
a mapping of the location of a disease.
the time the cases of the disease occurred.
the age of the patient.
the course and chain of transmission of a disease.
retrospective epidemiology
systemic epidemiology
analytical epidemiology
descriptive epidemiology
experimental epidemiology
prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline
incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline
illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline
convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
Candida
E. coli
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Trichomonas
cutaneous anthrax
gonorrhea
ringworm
yellow fever
warts
sporadic.
opportunistic.
endemic.
epidemic.
pandemic.
housefly
cockroach
louse
Both A and B are correct.
Both A and C are correct.
laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.
characteristics of a disease, such as sweating.
objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.
objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured.
subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.
where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.
that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other.
where only one member derives benefit from the other.
where one member of the relationship may kill the other.
using a contaminated needle.
eating contaminated food.
being bitten by an infected insect.
being in a health care facility.
having unprotected sexual intercourse.