Microbiology exam 4: ch 13-15 clicker questions

The term infection refers to:
A- Microbes colonizing the body
B-Contact with microbes
C-contact with pathogens
D-pathogens penetrating host defenses
E-a pathological state

Endogenous infections are caused by:
A- infection by indigenous biota in a healthy individual
B- normal biota in an unusual site
C- parasitic flora that have been ingested
D-viral invasion
E- microbes that are transmitted from one person to another

The effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is:
A- microbial antagonism
B- microbial commensalism
C-endogenous infection
D-infectious disease
E-microbial synergism

A virulence factor is one which
A-allows a microbe to invade and establish itself in the host
B-allows a host to evade infection
C-normal flora use against invading microbes
D-invading microbes use against normal flora

the greatest number of pathogens enter the body via the:
A-gastrointestinal system
B-urinary system
C-respiratory system
D-skin
E-genital system

the time form when a pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply until symptoms first appear is the :
A- prodromal stage
B- convalescent stage
C-incubation period
D-period of invasion

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is termed the
A-Fomite
B-Carrier
C-Vector
D-Reservoir
E-Source

An example of a nonspecific physical barrier to infection is/are
A-unbroken skin
B-Lysozyme in saliva
C-Cilia in the respiratory tract
D-Both A and C

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid tissue?
A-spleen
B-thymus
C-Thyroid gland
D-GALT
E-MALT

immune cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by:
A-cell walls
B-Shapes
C-Markers
D-Sizes
E-cell processes

Hematopoiesis is the:
A-loss of blood due to hemorrhaging
B-production of only red blood cells
C-production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
D-plugging of broken vessels to prevent bleeding
E-migration of white blood cells from blood to tissue

What type of molecules are found on foreign substances that activate phagocytes?
A-MALT
B-GALT
C-PAMPS
D-PRRs

histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are:
A-Vasoactive mediators
B-Mediators of T cell activity
C-Mediators of B cell activity
D-Mediators that increase chemotaxis
E-fever reducers

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins?
A-Complement
B-Albumin
C-interferon
D-histamine
E-lysozyme

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is
A-PAMP
B-marker
C-hapten
D-antibody
E-antigen

destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is termed
A-clonal selection
B-clonal deletion
C-differentiation
D-proliferation
E-autoimmunity

Which of the following does NOT serve as an antigen presenting cell?
A- T cells
B-B cells
C-Macrophages
D-Dendritic cells
E-All of the above are APC’s

small molecules that by themselves are too small to elicit an immune response are
A-epitopes
B-antigens
C-antibodies
D-Haptens
E-variable regions

What T cell works with B cells to promote differentiation and antibody secretion?
A- TH1
B- TH2
C- TH17
D- T regulatory cell
E- cytotoxic T cell

Which process involves antibodies covering microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
A- Agglutination
B-Neutralization
C-Complement fixation
D-Opsonization

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucous, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is:
A- IgA
B-IgD
C-IgG
D-IgM
E-IgE

Which of the following are true of T cells?
A-produce plasma cells and memory cells
B-Secrete antibodies
C-mature on the bone marrow
D-require antigen presented with MHC proteins
E-receptors called immunoglobulins

Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of:
A-antibodies
B-plasma cell
C-T helper cells
D-memory cells
E-phagocytic

_____ pathogens cause disease in healthy individuals while _____ pathogens take advantage of immunocomprimised hosts

anything used by microbes to enter, attach, establish infection, or cause disease

bacteria that normally reside in the body and do not normally cause disease are

the flu can only enter through the respiratory tract. this is an example of _____ entry

staph and strep can enter through the skin, respiratory, or urogenital tract. To be able to enter through multiple entryways is ______ entry

tetanus, herpes, staph, and strep use ____ as a portal of entry

gram-negative rods, salmonella, rotovirus, and protozoa use _____ as a portal of entry

pneumonia, tb, influenza, and others use this portal of entry. it is the most common used.

STI’s and displaced organisms like e. coli and candida a. use this portal of entry

minimum quantity of a microbe required to cause infection

the smaller the infectious dose, the larger the –

this is secreted by living bacterial cells and have specific targets of organs

LPS on the membranes of gram-negative cells is shed off. this causes larger general effects like fever, aches, and chock throughout the body. Found with typhoid fever

portals of exit are often _______ as the entry site

_______ vectors is when the creature is infected with the microbe and then spreads it. like deer ticks

______ vectors are not infected with the microbes, and only physically transfer it. Like houseflies

____ carriers are infected and show no symptoms, but may have in the past, like STI’s

____ carriers are infected, and show no symptoms as the bacteria multiply, such as in mono or HIV

_____ carriers are when they are recuperating without symptoms, but can still transfer the disease, like Hepatitis A

_____ carriers have the disease for a long time. It is latent now, but is still transferable, like typhoid

______ carriers are mechanically transported microbes from healthcare facilities and equipment

transmission can be _______, from peer to peer, or _____ from parent to offspring, as well as direct or indirect

Pathogen associated molecular patterns, are recognized by the second line of defense

Return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
“drain”
fight off foreign invaders:
are all functions of _______ _________

site of T-cell maturation. grows after puberty. part of lymphoid system

bean shaped, in clusters, to filter materials in lymph

filters blood for pathogens and old RBCs

MALT and GALT are considered ________ tissues

stem cells can turn into ______, ________, and ________

These WBCs have multi-lobed nuclei and look grainy under a microscope

these WBCs have a single, round nucleus

these phagocytic granulocytes are the first to arrive, in large numbers. They die very quickly

these phagocytic granulocytes target parasites

least numerous granulocyte. release histamine during allergic reactions

these agranulocytes could be considered both specific and nonspecific defense

macrophages and dendritic cells are types of

pac-man of cells. Is an antigen-presenting cell. they will phagocyte anything, and secrete compounds

these track and trap pathogens. Are antigen-presenting cell

sticky cell fragments involved in blood clotting, and in inflammation. They can be used to tag bacteria for the spleen to pick up

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins are the ________ line of defense in the body

The 4 phagocytes are:

Pathogen recognition receptor, found on phagocytes, that recognize PAMPS

phagocytes recognize red flags through the _____ of a microbe

staph and strep can avoid security by secretions that ______ the phagocytes

capsules used by the bacteria allows pathogens to ______ themselves against our defenses

some pathogens, such as TB and Listeria, can _____ inside of phagocytes, and so can get through security

What are the five symptoms of inflammation?

these are the 3 functions of _________:
mobilize and attract immune cells
initiate mechanisms to repair tissue
destroy microbes and prevent further damage

WBCs travel through ________, where they adhere to blood vessel inner walls and squeeze into the tissue

These are the functions of ________:
inhibit multiplication of microbes
reduce nutrition available
stimulates immune response
increases hematopoiesis

interferon, complements, iron-binding proteins, and peptides are all ________

these have a wide range of functions, including targeting cancer cells and viral cells. They can communicate with other cells to produce antiviral proteins. They activate WBCs and lower our cholesterol levels. They are divided into Alpha, Beta, and Gamma groups

” a well orchestrated cascade”, in the second line of defense

In types of complements, ________ and _______ are nonspecific, while ________ is specific and involves the 3rd line of defense

This is the 4th step of the complement sequence, and involves punching holes in bacteria, causing cell lysis

what are the 4 steps of complement sequence

The _____ line of defense is different because it is adaptive and acquired, is specific, has memory, recognizes antigens, and uses B and T lymphocytes

The 5 functions of _________:
to distinguish between self and non-self
antigen attachment
bind to cell surface receptors
radio for chemical messages
facilitate cellular development

what cells are Antigen presenting cells?

Major histocompatibility complex (_______) is on all nucleated cells (except RBCs) and help to recognize self and reject foreign.

Of MHC genes, ________ includes all nucleated cells: CD8 T cells

Of MHC genes, _______ includes the APCs: CD4 T cells

OF MHC genes, _____ includes complement proteins

___ cells can bind free-floating antigens, while ___ cells cannot bind antigens if not presented by an MHC (class 2)

After an antigen is phagocytized, it is processed. After bound (in B cell or when brought to T cell), the B or T cell undergoes ___________ to photocopy itself.

in testing, when a B or T cell is misprogramed and would attack the self, it is killed through ______

when clonal deletion does not occur properly, an ________ _________ occurs, such as in Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis

part of the antigen that is recognized and cause the response. “the key”

is too small to elicit an immune response, unless bound to a larger molecule

cell surface receptor found in some but not all individual (blood type)

A very strong T cell stimuli. 10x more powerful than regular antigen. ex) toxic shock syndrome caused by staph

causes an allergic response. ex) pollen

65% of T cells are this. are split into 3 types

this type of t helper cell, ________, activates phagocytes and CD8 (cytotoxic) t cells

this type of t helper cell, ________, works with B cells for proliferation and antibody secretion

this type of t helper cell, ________, helps promote inflammation

_________ T and B cells suppress the immune reactions, preventing us form harming ourselves

__________ T cells kill and target cells

_________ t cells target virally infected cell, cancer cells, and cell form other in organ grafts

programed cell death

is part of the second and third line of defense. they recognize altered or absent MHC1 that’s on all normal cells, such as cancer cells, and kill them.

the ______ the fit of an epitope to antibody, the _______ the activation

when antibodies cover pathogens to make them sticky and easier to phagocyte

when antibodies tackle viruses to prevent them from harming cells

when antibodies cross-link bacteria, clumping them, to help them be phagocytized

There are ___ types of immunoglobulin isotypes

these two Ig’s activate the compliment

the Ig that is found in breast milk and the mucosal immunity

the Ig that assists mast cells and basophils in allergies and parasites

Ig__ often presents first and then helps in class switching, directing the correct Igs to come to the scene

________ immunity is gained form normal life experiences and getting an infection

________ immunity comes pre- and post-natal, with IgG coming through the placenta and IgA in breast milk

active _______ immunity comes from vaccines, when passive ______ (same as above) immunity comes from short-term immunotherapy