ocular; objective
A compound microscope uses two lenses at once to magnify the image of a specimen. The _____ lens is found in the eyepiece and the _____ lens is found in the revolving nosepiece.
Abbe condenser
Which component of the microscope is found directly under the stage, and contains two sets of lenses that collect and concentrate light as it passes upward from the light source into the lens systems?
Resolving power
Which property of the lens describes its ability to show two adjacent objects as discrete entities?
Resolving power
expressed mathematically as a function of the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture
Stage
platform with an opening in the center that allows for the passage of light through the specimen
Magnification
degree of enlargement of the specimen when using a specific lens or combination of lenses
Oil
Loss of bent, or refracted, light results in a reduced numerical aperture, which diminishes the resolving power of the objective lens. Adding which of the following substances between the slide and the lens acts to decrease the refraction of light?
High-power lens (100X)
Which of the following objective lenses is the ONLY lens that should be used with oil immersion?
lens paper; xylol
The use of clean lenses increases the efficiency of the microscope. While dry lenses should be cleaned with _____, the oil-immersion lens can be cleaned with _____, followed by 95% ethanol.
Iris diaphragm
Which of the following microscope parts should routinely be adjusted to control the light source and provide optimal illumination of the specimen?
magnification
With respect to the image of a microscope specimen, refraction of light by the objective lens enhances __________.
Magnification
refers to the apparent size of the specimen when viewed through the microscope. Light bends at the convex surfaces of the objective lens, causing light rays to diverge and radiate outward. This divergence of light creates an image of the specimen that is larger than what would normally be seen by the naked eye.
To concentrate light on the specimen. Light diverges through the air as it exits the light source. The condenser gathers this divergent light and concentrates it on the specimen.
In a compound light microscope, what is the function of the condenser?
further magnifies the image and makes it viewable
ocular lens
supports the lenses
arm
primary lens that magnifies the specimen
objective lens
raises and lowers the condenser relative to the state
condenser focus knob
for fine focusing
fine focusing knob
for coarse focusing
coarse focusing knob
adjusts lights coming from the source
light intensity dial
supports the microscope
base
the source of light
light source
where the specimen is placed for viewing
stage
rotates objectives into position
revolving nose piece
focuses light through the specimen
condenser
controls angles at which light rays strike the specimen
condense aperture diaphragm
lens paper
Immersion oil should be cleaned off an objective with which product?
The student correctly grasps the microscope arm with one hand and supports the base with the other hand. This minimizes the risk of dropping the heavy microscope during transport.
Which of the following is the most appropriate way to carry a microscope?
4X
You should begin viewing a specimen with what objective lens?
Adjust the fine focus knob. After changing objectives, check to make sure your image is well focused . Your objectives are most likely parfocal. The working distance between the 40X objective and the specimen is very small, so adjusting the fine focus will help avoid smashing the objective into the slide.
You have just rotated the 40X objective into position after viewing the specimen with the 10X objective. What would your next step most likely be?
Contrast, which is lacking in this image, refers to the difference in light intensity between the specimen’s features and between the specimen and the background. You can enhance contrast by adjusting the lamp intensity dial and the aperture diaphragm on the condenser.
When you look through the ocular lenses, you see this image of the endospore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis under oil. Which of the following qualities is most lacking in this image?
The specimen is in focus, but contrast is poor. You can enhance contrast by moving the aperture diaphragm toward the closed position. This restricts the angles at which light strikes the specimen and thereby tends to eliminate the bright, washed-out appearance of the image. This is a better alternative than reducing lamp intensity. Reducing the lamp intensity would make the image less bright, but contrast would remain poor.
While looking through a microscope at 400X total magnification, you see this image. To improve the quality of this image, what should you do?
4X
If you view a specimen at 40X total magnification with a 10X ocular lens, then you are viewing the specimen with what objective?
Movement that appears to be directed from one position to another
Which of the following statements describes true motility?
Vibratory movement of cells due to their bombardment by water molecules
Which of the following describes Brownian movement?
Stains provide contrast between the cells and the background.
Why are unstained bacterial specimens more difficult to view than stained specimens?
The Abbe condenser regulates the amount of light that passes upward from the light source and into the lens system.
When viewing a hanging drop, it is important to adjust the Abbe condenser using the iris diaphragm. What is the function of this part of the microscope?
Single-celled protozoa are similar in size to bacteria.
Which statement is NOT true regarding protozoa?
Motility and larger organisms are better viewed in a hanging drop due to the greater depth.
What is the advantage of observing a hanging drop, compared to a wet mount preparation?
True motility appears to be directed from one position to the next; Brownian movement appears as vibratory movement around a certain position that occurs at a constant rate.
When viewing an unstained, live specimen, how do you distinguish between true motility and Brownian movement?
S.aureus
Which of the following organisms does NOT exhibit true motility?
Stained preparations are heat fixed and adhere well to the slide.
Which of the following describes an advantage of observing stained rather than unstained bacterial specimens?
Prokaryotic bacterial cells are smaller than eukaryotic protozoa and algae.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the relative sizes of bacteria compared to protozoa and algae?
S.aureus; rod-shaped
Which of the following represents an INCORRECT association between a species of bacteria and its cellular morphology?
Diatoms, Volvox and Paramecia
Which of the following types of organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells?
For viewing eukaryotic cells and bacteria
light microscopes
To view viruses and the internal structure of bacterial cells, as well as fine structural details of eukaryotic cells
scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes
are especially suited to viewing the surface of a microorganism and to obtaining a three-dimensional perspective of the organism’s overall shape.
Scanning electron microscopes are especially suited to viewing the surface of a microorganism and to obtaining a three-dimensional perspective of the organism’s overall shape.
is useful for viewing fine structural details in cross-sections of microorganisms.
Transmission electron microscopy is useful for viewing fine structural details in cross-sections of microorganisms.
examining your cat for the presence of fleas
unaided eye
examining a clinical specimen, such as a sputum smear, for the presence of bacteria
examining a blood smear for the presence of malarial parasites
examining a blood smear for the presence of malarial parasites
light microscope
viewing the 3-dimensional shape of a protozoan and the arrangement and distribution of cilia on its surface
determining the 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of bacterial cells
determining the 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of bacterial cells
scanning electron microscope
viewing ribosomes (20nm) within a bacterial cell
viewing a cross section of poliovirus (30nm)
viewing the layers of the gram-negative cell wall in cross section
confirming the 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement in a eukaryotic flagellum
viewing a cross section of poliovirus (30nm)
viewing the layers of the gram-negative cell wall in cross section
confirming the 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement in a eukaryotic flagellum
transmission electron microscope
20nm, 35nm, 6um, 7um, 5mm
arrange smallest to largest:
35nm, 5mm, 7 um, 20 nm, 6 um
35nm, 5mm, 7 um, 20 nm, 6 um
250 nm. To obtain the measurement in nanometers, you have multiplied the measurement in micrometers by 1000.
Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies measure approximately 0.25 micrometers in diameter. What is this measurement expressed in nanometers (nm)?
0.15 mm. To obtain the measurement in millimeters, you have divided the measurement in micrometers by 1000.
A paramecium is approximately 150 micrometers in length. What is this measurement expressed in millimeters (mm)?
lens that is closest to the slide and provides initial magnification of a specimen
objective lens
used for initial focusing; should never be used when the high-power objective lens or oil immersion objective lens is in place
coarse focus knob
used after initial focusing, to sharpen the image
fine focus knob
lens that you look through
ocular lens
controls how much light from the illuminator reaches the specimen
diaphragm
used to focus the light from the illuminator onto the slide
condenser lens
platform on which the slide is placed for viewing
stage
Lenses focus either light or electrons to create a magnified image of a specimen.
What is the role of lenses in microscopy?
phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope is used to see internal structures of cells in a natural state?
scanning electron microscope
You are studying a cell structure that is approximately 100 nm in size. Which of the following provides the lowest magnification you can use to see this structure?
specimen
What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope?
darkfield microscope
This microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are NOT visible.
electron microscope
Which microscope is used to see detail of a 300-nm virus?
phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope takes advantage of differences in the refractive indexes of cell structures?
Anything smaller than 200 nm cannot interact with visible light.
Why is a specimen smaller than 200 nm not visible with a light microscope?
They are reflected, refracted, or absorbed by the specimen.
What happens to the light rays when they hit the specimen in light microscopy?
To recreate the image in the viewer’s eye
What is the role of the ocular lens?
It is spreading out
What is meant by light rays being divergent?
The objective lens
In a typical brightfield microscope (seen in the animation), at which point does magnification begin?
differential interference contrast
Which microscope uses visible light?
True
Cells viewed in darkfield microscopy appear similar to those stained with the negative stain.
2000x
When an object is viewed through a light microscope with oculars that magnify 20x and a high-power objective lens that magnifies 100x, what is the total magnification of the object?
scanning electron microscope
Which of the following is NOT useful for observing living cells?
refers to the ability to distinguish fine structure and detail in a specimen.
) In microscopy, the term resolution
.1 μm
A virus measures 100 nm in length. What is its length in μm?
somewhat fuzzy and have poor resolution.
A student is looking at a bacterial specimen using the oil immersion lens, but has forgotten to put immersion oil on the slide. The specimen will appear
scanning electron microscope
Which of the following types of microscopes is best used for observing the surfaces of intact cells and viruses?
fluorescence microscope
Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light?
electron microscope
In using this microscope, the observer does NOT look directly at an image through a lens.
True
The limit of resolution of the compound microscope illuminated with visible light is approximately 0.2 μm.
darkfield microscopy.Darkfield microscopy allows colorless cells to be visualized without applying stains that kill cells
Which of the following types of microscopy provides advantages for viewing live images?
light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens
Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope?
wavelength of light.
The resolution of a microscope can be improved by changing the
Electrons have a smaller wavelength than visible light, leading to higher resolution.
Why do electron microscopes have higher resolving power than light microscopes?
Projector lens
Which of the following is a lens found on electron microscopes but not on light microscopes?
transmission electron microscope
Which type of microscope would allow the viewer to see ribosomes inside a cell?
They both employ the use of objective lenses.
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both electron and light microscopes?
they may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted by the specimen.
What is the fate of the electrons that interact with a specimen in an electron microscope?
electron microscope
Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution?
transmission electron microscope
Which of the following types of microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells?
fluorescence microscope uses a fluorescent light
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
allows visualization of atoms
scanning tunneling microscope
a three-dimensional image
confocal microscope produces
visible light
darkfield microscope uses
a three-dimensional image
scanning electron microscope produces
450x
What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens?
streptococci
For which of the following would growth on blood agar be a good diagnostic tool?
cell arrangement
Which of the following characteristics are shared by Enterococcus and Streptococcus?
Gram stain
simple stain
genetic testing
simple stain
genetic testing
Which of the following techniques would allow you to easily differentiate between Staphylococcus and Enterococcus?
Gram stain.
You have isolated a prokaryotic cell. The first step in identification is a(n)
facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
Which of the following are found primarily in the intestines of humans?
using anaerobic respiration.
You have isolated a bacterium that grows in a medium containing an organic substrate and nitrate in the absence of oxygen. The nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas. You can be sure that this bacterium is
They stain the background, leaving the cells colorless.
How are negative stains different from other types of stains?
Methylene blue
Which of the following is an example of a dye used in a simple stain?
It is heated.
How does the malachite green stain enter an endospore?
Vegetative cells are pink, endospores are green.
Following an endospore stain, how does one distinguish endospores from vegetative cells?
To increase the contrast and visibility of the specimen
What is the fundamental purpose of staining in light microscopy?
Edouard Chatton
Which biologist introduced the term prokaryote in 1937 to distinguish cells with no nucleus from the nucleated cells of plants and animals?
clades
Organisms once classified as protists are now being divided into which of the following?
four circles shaped like square
Which drawing in the figure is a tetrad?
it looks like a twizzler
Which drawing in the figure possesses an axial filament?
9 circles in a straight row
Which drawing in the figure is streptococci?
True
The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the Gram stain reaction.
Monotrichous
Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum?
the flagella rotate clockwise.
Tumbles occur when
Lophotrichous and monotrichous
Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have flagella located at only one end of the cell?
Flagella can rotate 360 degrees.
Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is true?
movement towards or away from a stimulus.
Taxis is
Positive phototaxis
Which of the following terms refers to a bacterium moving towards a light source?
spirochetes.
Axial filaments are found on
The axial filament is located between the cell membrane and the outer membrane.
How do axial filaments differ from regular bacterial flagella?
It allows the cells to move more easily through viscous human tissues and fluids, such as mucus.
What is the advantage to spirochetes of the corkscrew movement provided by axial filaments?
endoflagella.
Axial filaments are composed of
capsule
Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
lophotrichous flagella
cell is a body with long multiple tails coming out of one end of the cell body
has a cell wall.
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell
long squiggly cell body with tails at each end of the body
amphitrichous
cell body with cilia or phili all around the body
peritrichous
cell body with only one long tail at one end of it’s body
monotrichous
True
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin.
ATP provides energy to transfer material against its concentration gradient.
Why is ATP necessary for active transport?
Symport
Which type of active transport protein moves two molecules into the cell at the same time?
Uniport and Symport
Which transport protein employs transporters that move molecules only in one direction?
Antiport and Symport
Which type of active transport protein uses one protein to pump two different molecules?
By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein
How does water enter and exit a cell?
is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions.
A glycoprotein
plasma membrane
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosomes – protein storage
Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
flotation
gas vacuoles
energy reserve
sulfur granules
energy reserve
lipid inclusions
phosphate storage
metachromatic granules
is circular in structure.
The DNA found in most bacterial cells
False
Endospores are a reproductive structure.
70s ribosomes
circular chromosome, not enclosed in nuclear envelope
flagella that rotate, composed of flagellin
peptidoglycan-containing cell wall
capsule
circular chromosome, not enclosed in nuclear envelope
flagella that rotate, composed of flagellin
peptidoglycan-containing cell wall
capsule
prokaryotic cells
80s ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
mitochondria
linear chromosome enclosed in nuclear envelope
flagella that wave, composed of microtubules
cellulose or chitin-containing cell wall
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
mitochondria
linear chromosome enclosed in nuclear envelope
flagella that wave, composed of microtubules
cellulose or chitin-containing cell wall
nucleus
eukaryotic cells
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane
cell structure that enclose bacterial cell
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
nucleoid
ribosomes
plasma membrane
nucleoid
ribosomes
Select the structures below that are found in all bacterial cells.
cilia – pili
Which of the following is NOT a functionally analogous pair?
fungi
Which of the following have a cell wall?
mitochondrion
Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
False
The number of organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is the same in all eukaryotic cells.
purple, spherical-shaped organisms arranged in chainlike formations. The purple color indicates a gram-positive organism. Recall that the purple color is due to the retention of the crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) complex in the thick peptidoglycan layer of the gram-positive organism. As the name Streptococcus implies, S. pyogenes is spherical (coccoid) in shape and remains in a chainlike formation after dividing.
Analysis of the second swab has confirmed that the causative organism is Streptococcus pyogenes, a gram-positive organism. Imagine that you are the technician looking at the Gram stain from Shelly’s culture. What would you expect to see as you look through the microscope?
gram-positive streptococci. Gram-positive cells stain purple, and the term streptococci indicates a chain of spherical-shaped cells.
You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement?
