| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has mass, made of atoms and molecules |
| physical change of matter | caused by motion, temperature, pressure – substance stays the same |
| chemical change of matter | happen on a molecular level – substance changed |
| Conservation of Mass | (Lavoisier) matter is neither created or destroyed |
| Conservation of Energy | (Mayer) aka First Law of Thermodynamics – energy is neither created or destroyed |
| Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy | (Einstein) the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant |
| kinetic energy | energy of moving objects; energy in use |
| potential energy | stored energy; it is energy that has the potential to do work |
| oxidation reduction reactions | transfer energy between molecules in the form of electrons – the molecule that loses an electron is oxidized, molecule that gains electron is reduced |
| endergonic reactions | store energy within a molecule because the reactants have less free energy than the products – require energy input |
| exergonic reactons | release energy, laving reactants with more free energy than the products |
| heat | (amount of energy in a system) total energy in a substance – kinetic energy of molecules AND potential energy of molecules |
| temperature | (measure of the average moleculation motions in system) average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance |
| conduction | materials in physical contact – energy transferred trough collisions of their particles, Kinetic Theory of Matter |
| convection | movement of thermal energy from one area to another in a liquid or gas |
| radiation | warm or hot matter emits electromagnetic radiation – especially infrared – that is then absorbed by an object at a distance, absorption heats the second object |
| calorie/joules | 1 cal = 4.186 J |
| BTU | amount of energy necessary to raise temperature of 1lb water to 1 degree fahrenheit |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | energy can be transferred from one sysem to another – energy cannot be created or destroyed – total amount of energy in universe is constant |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | heat cannot transfer from colder to hotter body – all natural processes that involve energy must have one direction, natural processes are irreversible, disorder/randomness of isolated system always increases with time |
| atom | smallest unit of element that displays all of that elements characteristics |
| protons | positively charged particles located within the atomic nucleus |
| neutrons | neutral particles located within the atomic nucleus |
| electrons | negatively charged particles orbiting around nucleus |
| atomic number | protons in an atom |
| atomoic mass | protons and neutrons combined |
| first electron shell | one orbital; two electrons |
| second electron shell | four orbitals; eight electrons |
| third electron shell | four orbitals max; eight electrons |
| fourth electron shell | max nine orbitals; eighteen electrons |
