Natural Materials To Recyclable Materials Construction Essay

One stuff is natural masonry. It can be considered the oldest edifice method still in common usage, which is adobe or unfired clay bricks. Adobe is normally seen in desiccant climes. Adobe bricks are still non common in the local builders ‘ merchandisers, but they are available. Claytec offers a light weight clay/straw brick and a tight clay brick. Errol Brick besides offers an unfired Earth brick. All of these are non supporting and best suited as a tegument for lumber frame building. Some 40 % of new places in Germany usage Ziegel blocks ( ‘ziegel ‘ being German for ‘brick ‘ ) and this discharged clay block provides a thermally efficient and easy-to-use building system. It uses a thin howitzer bed joint and a tongue-and-groove design which allows for dry perpendicular articulations. They are said to be three to four times faster to put than a conventional pit wall and give a U-value of 0.23 – about 35 % better than Building Regulations Part L requires – with no other insularity.

Timber is another stuff that can be used. It has lower embodied energy and offers the potency for better thermic public presentation. A single-skin, 140mm lumber frame wall with 140mm natural insularity between he-mans and 100mm wood-fibre insularity on the outside – sort of a natural SIPs system – gives a U-value of merely 0.18. That is about half the heat loss for a Part L compliant wall, with the same overall wall thickness.

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Hempcrete is a mixture of hemp shiv ( the waste from hemp-fibre production ) and a lime binder. Sold in the UK by Tradical Ltd under the trade name Hemcrete, the merchandise is available as ready-made blocks for conventional building, or more normally as mix-on-site and cast in-situ. Hemp shiv and calcium hydroxide are mixed in fit proportions to a stiff consistence and tamped into a formwork that surrounds a lumber frame. The advantages of this are that the lumber frame takes the structural burden of the roof, the hempcrete protects the lumber significance that no lumber intervention is required, and the finished wall has high thermic public presentation every bit good as supplying thermic mass.

Straw bales are a sustainable resource which creates breathable, extremely insulated constructions. Straw is an abundant agricultural waste merchandise and when bales are used to construct or insulate edifices, they are normally finished with plaster. The slicked walls provide first-class thermic mass, structural strength and fire opposition. Straw can easy be used as a burden bearing component in a two floor house like the above scenario, but if more is required so structural frame would necessitate to be built from wood and the bales so function as infill.

Rammed Earth – or hazelnut has been used as a building stuff for at least 10,000 old ages. Beautiful and versatile it is besides an abundant resource that is improbably lasting, breathable and thermally efficient. Cob is merely clay, sand and straw assorted into a feasible mass. In many countries of the UK, the natural ingredients for hazelnut can be dug straight from the foundation trenches on site. This means that the majority of building stuff is free.

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Advantages of Masonry

The stuffs and accomplishments required to construct in masonry are widely available across the UK. It is possible to get down edifice work in masonry immediately. It takes to construct two teguments of block work and render the exterior for less than & A ; lb ; 40/m2. With a brick tegument expect to pay up to & A ; lb ; 20/m2 more, depending on the pick of brick. Masonry pit walling are therefore the cheapest structural system.

A masonry construction gives a house a feeling of solidness, as the denseness of the blocks provides a high degree of acoustic mass, assisting to dampen noise outside the edifice. Building internal divider walls from masonry, as opposed to timber stud walls covered with gypsum board, will further heighten the feeling of solidness and supply sound dampening between suites.

The high strength of masonry walls allows the option to utilize suspended concrete upper floors, instead than conventional timber floor joists. This provides sound dampening between floors, every bit good as doing it possible to construct first floor divider walls in solid masonry, instead than in lumber studwork. This extends the qualities of solidness and sound stultification to upstairs suites. Dense block work besides provides a solid repair for constitutional furniture, drape tracks, images etc.

With the add-on of steel, glue-laminated lumbers, masonry is highly various and is suited for the building of most house designs. However, ordinary dense concrete block work is a hapless dielectric and so in order to run into the energy demands under the edifice ordinances, insularity has to be added into the wall construction. It is possible to accomplish highly high degrees of energy efficiency utilizing masonry building.

One manner of bettering the thermic public presentation of a masonry construction is to utilize lightweight concrete blocks – besides known as aircrete. These have a proportion of air added into the mix during industry, making bantam air bubbles which act as an insulating material. The disadvantage is that the more air that is added into the blocks, the weaker they become. This can be a job when it comes to ingredients as particular ground tackles are frequently necessary to repair heavy furniture or drape tracks.

Disadvantages of Masonry

Whilst it is possible to increase the thermic public presentation of masonry walls to accomplish really low U- alues, there are restrictions to how much insularity can be added within the pit. The pit can non be built much beyond 100mm without making structural jobs. The options are to utilize high public presentation partial fill insularity merchandises, such as urethane boards, which have a comparatively high cost factor, or to to the full make full the pit. This does raise concerns over moist incursion, particularly in rough conditions countries where many local governments do non let it.

The other option is to add insularity on the inside face of the walls, which presents a whole different set of issues, non to advert extra labor and stuff costs. As a signifier of ‘wet ‘ building, masonry demands clip to dry out between block work ‘lifts ‘ .

As a consequence, masonry is likely to be slower than lumber frame building. The tall, slender walls in pit building may besides be prone to colony clefts. There are besides frights over the cleanliness of the pits. This being that if excessively much howitzer is allowed to drop on pit ties above the moist cogent evidence class degree, or besides the insularity chiropterans, Bridgess could be formed that might reassign moistness to the interior tegument.

Another disadvantage is that masonry can non be laid when it is raining to a great extent or when temperatures fall below freeze. This is one ground for the popularity of lumber frame building systems over pit systems in Scotland, where the clime can be aggressive. With lumber frame much of the building procedure takes topographic point in a mill and the frame is so erected on site in yearss.

Advantages of Timber Frame

Timber frame systems have ever been popular with self-builders because they are fast and convenient. With the chief constituents assembled in the mill and transported to the site, the roofs and walls go up far quicker than with a conventional masonry system. A lumber frame construction can be erected and H2O tight within a affair of yearss and work can get down on first fix inside whilst the roofers start on the tiling. Another advantage is that you can frequently cover with merely one company, which will plan, industry and raise the lumber frame. Very frequently the company will besides provide the roof construction, Windowss and doors.

Timber frame houses are besides first-class from an insularity point of position. Nowadays the standard lumber frame subdivisions of 89mm have to be increased by excess insularity on the interior in order to conform to the U-value demand of 0.35. However many companies are now offering 140mm as criterion, a pattern which some lumber framers refer to as ace insularity. Many self-builders besides like the thought of life in a house where the chief frame is constructed from a sustainable resource where the lumber beginning is guaranteed to hold come from renewable, carefully managed woods.

Disadvantages of Timber Frame

With most masonry systems the stuffs are readily available. With lumber frame a waiting period of 12 hebdomads is non unusual. Beware, excessively, of hanging heavy objects on the interior walls. Another disadvantage is that if the labor is hapless it is really easy in lumber framed houses with brick outer teguments to acquire H2O incursion unit of ammunition window and door gaps.

Timber frame is besides normally more expensive than brick and block, although most timber frame companies would reason that if a self-builder opts for 140mm he-man walls, which gives a U-value of less than 0.30, the extra costs will by and large be recovered in a few old ages by decreased warming costs.

Others argue that lumber frame is acoustically inferior to brick and barricade. The fact that with lumber frame is the walls are mostly hollow counts against it when it comes to sound proofing. While masonry will be given to absorb airborne sound better because it is denser than lumber frame, impact sound can be transmitted through all sorts of stuffs and there are many instances of masonry houses built with heavy concrete intermediate floors which have failed to run into the impact sound demands of the Building Regulations. Good particularization in lumber frame lodging can cut down the consequence of airborne sound transmittal so that it matches the best a masonry house can accomplish. It is besides possible to add farther merchandises specifically designed to better sound insularity, but these all add to the cost of the house. Timber frame building utilizing panels does non impart itself to big spans.

Whilst lumber frame clad in lumber is one of the cheapest finished walling options, timber frame can be a comparatively expensive pick if the walls are to be clad in natural rock. A greater thickness of rock, or a backup block, will be required to increase rigidness.

Dumbly bound straw bales are either fitted non load-bearing within a structural station and beam system or taking tonss on a ring beam fitted unit of ammunition what is in consequence a block wall. It is a system that entreaties greatly to the eco-minded because straw is an agricultural waste merchandise, it is easy to manage and is renewable. Straw bale building besides has first-class insularity qualities and is highly inexpensive. With straw bale edifice it is indispensable to hold an external render to maintain out the moisture. The system has the disadvantage of width – it is heavy on infinite – and jobs with H2O vapor at the junctions with other stuffs.

Advantages of Straw Bale

Straw bales are made from a waste merchandise. Once the comestible portion of the grain has been harvested ( such as wheat or rice ) , the chaffs frequently become a disposal job for husbandmans. By bailing the straw, a new life is given to the stuff. The husbandman makes some money by selling the bales and the home-builder additions an first-class insularity and edifice stuff. Homes insulated with straw bale can hold insularity values of R-30 to R-35 or more. The thicker the bale the better the R-value. Straw bale walls are at least 18 inches thick. This adds aesthetic value to the place as thick wall is expensive to accomplish with conventional building. The thickness of the wall helps to reflect sunshine throughout the room. Due to the thickness of straw bale walls, every window can hold a window place or shelf. This becomes both an aesthetic and utile design component.

The construct of straw bale building is easy understood by even novice builders. With supervising by one knowing straw bale trainer, first-time builders can help in the building procedure. This non merely spreads the word about straw bale building, it besides means that the home-builder can salvage money by utilizing a voluntary crew to assist raise the walls. Straw bales have a low-embodied energy. This means that really small energy is used to fabricate the merchandise as sunshine was the chief energy beginning for turning works. The lone energy needed to do a straw bale is in the bailing procedure and the transit to the worksite. Other insularity stuffs, such as fiberglass, require a significant sum of energy to bring forth. Straw bales are 100 % biodegradable. Homes can last over 100 old ages if decently maintained. At some point, all constructions will finally be replaced. When the clip comes, the straw bales can be ploughed back into the Earth. Other stuffs can do jobs with disposal.

Straw bale walls can be carved with a knife or chain saw. Bales can besides be finished to a crisp angular border. Besides, decently constructed walls made from straw bales have proven to be more flame resistant than conventional wood-frame building. This is because the bales are heavy and be given to merely smolder when the ignition beginning is removed.

The insularity is the most effectual in climes where heating and/or chilling of the place is indispensable for comfort. Aesthetically, places can be beautiful as the natural stuff lends itself to multiple architectural manners.

Disadvantages of Straw Bale

Since it is non a conventional edifice stuff, the contractor may necessitate to larn new building techniques. If straw bale edifice codifications are non portion of the local authorization codifications, it may be hard to acquire programs approved. Straw bale walls need to be kept dry as wet is damaging to non merely straw, but to many edifice stuffs. Moisture come ining the bales from the roof above is to be avoided at all cost. If the walls of straw bale at place are kept dry, they will last for the life of the edifice. Areas of utmost humidness and rain may non be appropriate for straw bale building. Due to the thickness of the walls most of the overall square footage will be unserviceable due to it being within the wall infinite. If straw bales are non available within a few 100 stat mis of the building site, the cost of transporting them, along with the possible pollution from the transit, must be taken into history.

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The specification below is for lumber being used in decking:

Minimum service life: 15 old ages –

Decks and associated landscape structures shall be designed and built to give a minimal service life of 15 old ages.

2. Timber: Naturally lasting or pre-treated to the correct usage category

Merely timber of course immune to disintegrate or which can be treated by an industrial procedure to give long-run protection from decay shall be used.

Hardwoods: Merely usage species classed as lasting or reasonably lasting.

Softwoods: Merely usage constituents treated to a standard appropriate to their usage.

3. Timber class ( Strength Class ) : C16 lower limit

The class ( strength category ) of lumber used for structural constituents such as stations, beams and joists shall be sufficient to get by with the tonss placed upon it during its service life. Softwood with a strength category evaluation of C16 is considered the minimal criterion.

For decks below 600mm in tallness the usage of C16 timber is recommended. For constructions over 600mm the usage of strength graded lumber is indispensable and required by Building Regulations.

The higher strength categories, typically C18 and C24 should be specified where smaller constituent subdivisions, longer spans or commercial deck public presentation design considerations are required.

4. Timber wet content at installing: 20 % upper limit

To understate the effects of shrinking eg cupping, checking, falsifying etc, install lumber every bit near as possible to its equilibrium wet content. For out-of-door wood, wet content varies from 19 % in winter to 13 % in summer in the UK. For best consequences ever install wood with a wet content lower than 20 % .

The stableness of all wood used out of doors can be improved by the usage of H2O repellant interventions.

5. Metallic element ingredients

All metal ingredients shall be made from corrosion immune stuffs such as chromium steel steel, hot dipped galvanised or other specializer surfacing. Before usage, verify with the maker that the ingredients you have chosen are suited for usage with treated lumber. Aluminum fasteners should non be used in concurrence with treated wood.

Deck board prison guard should be 2? to 3 times the breadth of the board being fixed. Ideally choose prison guards that are self-countersinking. Pre-drilling pilot holes will assist forestall dividing. Always bore pilot holes when repairing hardwoods.

6. Fall

As an assistance to drainage construct a soft autumn of 1:100 into the deck, off from any next belongings. Grooved deck boards are designed to help drainage of surface H2O and should be laid in the way of autumn.

British Standards

The Standards set out below all have a relevancy to the creative activity of high public presentation lumber decks designed to supply a service life in surplus of 15 old ages.

BS EN 335-1

Hazard categories of wood and wood-based merchandises against biological onslaught – Part 1: Categorization of jeopardy categories.

BS EN 335-2

Hazard categories of wood and wood-based merchandises against biological onslaught – Part 2: Usher to the application of jeopardy categories to solid wood.

BS EN 335-3

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Definition of jeopardy categories of biological onslaught – Part 3: Application to wood-based panels.

BS EN 350-1

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Natural lastingness of solid wood – Part 1: Usher to the rules of proving and categorization of the natural lastingness of wood.

BS EN 350-2

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Natural lastingness of solid wood – Part 2: Usher to natural lastingness and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe.

BS EN 351-1

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Preservative-treated solid wood – Part 1: Categorization of preservative incursion and keeping.

BS EN 351-2

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Preservative-treated solid wood – Part 2: Guidance on trying for the analysis of preservative-treated wood.

BS EN 460

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Natural lastingness of solid wood: Guide to the lastingness demands for wood to be used in jeopardy categories.

BS EN 599-1

Lastingness of wood and wood-based merchandises – Performance of wood preservatives as determined by biological trials – Part 1: Specification harmonizing to hazard category.

BS 8417

Preservation of timber – Recommendations

Guidance for specifiers on the intervention of lumber pulling on relevant subdivisions of BS EN Standards.

BS 5756: 1985

Specification for ocular strength scaling of hardwood.

BS 6105: 1981

Specification for corrosion immune chromium steel steel fasteners.

BS 6399-1: 1996

Loading for edifices. Code of Practice for dead and imposed tonss.

BS 7359: 1991

Terminology of commercial lumbers, including beginnings of supply.

British Standards for rock

BS 8221 – 1:2000, Code of pattern for cleansing and surface fix of edifices ; Part 1 Cleaning of natural rocks, brick and terracotta. BSI, 2000

Rough block

BS EN 1467:2003 Natural rock. Rough blocks. Requirements

BS EN 1468:2003 Natural rock trial methods. Rough slabs.

Masonry, facing, Sillss etc

BS EN 771-6:2001 Specification for masonry units. Natural rock masonry units

BS EN 772-11:2000 Methods of trial for masonry units. Determination of H2O soaking up of aggregative concrete, manufactured rock and natural rock masonry units due to capillary action and the initial rate of H2O soaking up of clay masonry units

BS EN 772-4:1998 – Methods of trial for masonry units. Determination of existent and bulk denseness and of entire and unfastened porousness for natural rock masonry units

BS EN 772-20:2000 – Methods of trial for masonry units. Determination of two-dimensionality of faces of masonry units

Roofing

BS EN 12326-1:2004 Slate and rock merchandises for discontinuous roofing and facing. Product specification

BS EN 12326-2:2000 Slate and rock merchandises for discontinuous roofing and facing. Methods of trial

BS5534:2003 Code of pattern for slating and tiling

BS8000 Part 6:1990 Code of pattern for slating and tiling of roofs and facing

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