oceanography

highest part of wave above average water level
wave crest
the valley between wave crests below average water level
wave trough
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is the horizontal distance between two successive crests
wavelength
the time it takes for a wave to move a distance of one wavelength
wave period
is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second
Wave Frequency
form as wind friction stretches the water surface and as surface tension tries to restore it to smoothness
capillary waves
Capillary wave, wind wave, seiche, seismic sea waves (tsunami)
Size of waves
the dominant force that returns the water surface to flatness after a wave has formed in it (gravity or surface tension)
restoring force
waves moving through water deeper than half their wavelength
that in deep water waves the velocity is set by the wave length — longer wave length, faster

depth of water is length of wave/ 2

Deep Water waves
waves in water shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength

that in shallow water waves the velocity is set by the ocean depth

Shallow water waves
deeper than 1/20 but shallower than half
transitional waves
gravity waves formed by the transfer of wind energy into water
wind wave
waves moving forward
progressive wave
a ratio of height vs length 1:7= wave is 7 metres long 1 is the height
wave steepness
progressing groups of swell with the same origin and wavelength
Wave Trains
the maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of a specific strength, duration, and fetch
fully developed sea
clearly important to wind wave development
Wind strength
the length of time the wind blows
wind duration
uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without significant change in direction
Fetch
waves whether big or small will add and subtract from each other
interference
cancellation effect of subtraction, because wave interference destroys or cancels waves
destructive interference
the additive formation of large crests or deep troughs
constructive interference
much larger than any waves noticed before or after
rogue wave
denser bits of water that lay underneath sea water
internal waves
the abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by a tropical cyclone or frontal storm
storm surge
water in standing areas like lakes rock left and right
standing wave
rocking of water back and forth
seiche
tsunami’s Long wavelength shallow water progressive waves caused by teh rapid displacement of ocean water
seismic sea waves
The speed of ocean waves usually depends on their wavelength, with long waves moving fastest. Arranged from short to long wavelengths (and therefore from slowest to fastest), ocean waves are generated by very small disturbances (capillary waves), wind (wind waves),and volcanic activity or other sudden displacements (tsunami), and gravitational attraction (tides)
. The behavior of waves depends largely on the relation between a wave’s size and the depth of water through which it is moving. Waves can refract and reflect, break, and interfere with one another.
Wind waves can be deep-water waves if the water is more than half their wavelength deep. The waves of very long wavelengths are always in “shallow water” (water less than half their wavelength deep). These long waves travel at high speeds, and some may have great destructive power.
the familiar smooth undulation of the ocean surface
swell
the middle of an water basin where the water circles around the point counterclockwise
amphidromic point
tides caused by inertia and gravitational force of the sun and moon
astronomical tide
the bulges are the crests of the planet sized waves
high tide
correspond to the troughs the area between bulges
low tide
24hr 50 min when the moon is highest in sky to when it is the next day
lunar tide
storms can affect tide height, whether affects tides
meteorological tide
successive high tides and low tides are of significantly different heights throughout the cycle (LA)
mixed tide (or semidiurnal mixed tide)
two high tides a day and two low tides
semidiurnal tide
aka tidal wave: a steep wave moving upstream generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth
tidal bore
tidal current
high water to low water height difference varies in basin configuration
tidal range
periodic short term changes in the height of the ocean surface at a particular place.

They are caused by a combination of the gravitational force of the moon and the sun, the motion of Earth, and the tendency of water in enclosed ocean basins to rock at a specific frequency

tides
no longer being acted on by the force that created them, no maintaining force
free waves
when the sun moon and earth align the highest and lowest tides
spring tides
when the moon earth and sun create a right triangle, high tide isnt to high and low tide isnt to low
neap tides
a steep wave moving upstream generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth
tidal wave
Tides have the longest wavelengths of the ocean’s waves. They are caused by a combination of the gravitational force of the moon and the sun, the motion of Earth, and the tendency of water in enclosed ocean basins to rock at a specific frequency. Unlike the other waves, these huge shallow-water waves are never free of the forces that cause them and so act in unusual but generally predictable ways.
water in between tides. calm water
slack water
completely dark
aphotic zone
they make their own food
autotroph
conversion of simple carbon molecules into carbon hydrate using the oxidation of inorganic molecules as a source of energy
chemosynthesis
there is little light but not enough to have photosynthesis
disphotic zone
three types bateria archaea eukarya
domains
the capacity to do work
energy
upper most part of the photic zone where the most biological productivity occurs
euphotic zone
they are capable of life under extreme conditions,

under high pressure and temperature. Bacteria often form on the rocks near the hydrothermal vents.

extremophile
is a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relations in which the flow of energy can be followed from primary producers through consumers
food web
organisms such as animals that must consume food from other organisms
heterotroph
grouping of objects by degrees of complexity grade or class
hierarchy
categories of life, animal vegetable and mineral
kingdoms
a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of the organism

A variety of physical factors affects the density, variety, and success of the life forms in each marine habitat. These factors include water’s transparency, temperature, dissolved nutrients, salinity, dissolved gases, hydrostatic pressure, acid-base balance, and others.

limiting factor
first person to classify groups of organisms into natural categories or kingdoms
Linnaeus, Carolus Carl von Linné (1707- 1778)
the rate at which energy releasing reaction proceed within an organism increasing with temp
metabolic rate
for living organism that biologists use to day relies on the evolutionary history and developmental characteristics of organims
natural system of classification
where the light is present
photic zone
light energy is used to synthesize molecules rich in stored energy
photosynthesis
animals that eat primary producers
primary consumer
genus and species
scientific name
the study of biological classification
taxonomy
top of food chain
top consumer
organisms on a pyramid listing who eats who
trophic pyramid
Phytoplankton and seaweed
primary producer
synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substances by photosynthesis of chemosythesis
primary productivity
a compound required for the production of organic matter
nutrient
the most specific form of classification

at least 50 million different species (kinds) of living things on Earth

species
food for many birds squids fishes and whales. keystone for the antarctic ecosystem
krill
first zone the shallow beach
littoral zone
plankton larger than about 1 centimeter across
macroplankton
category of animals that include clams and snails
mollusc
pelagic organisms that actively swim
nekton.
near shore over the continental shelf
neritic zone
deep water zone beyond the continental shelf
oceanic zone
27000 bony fish species hard strong lightweight skeleton that supports them
Osteichthyes
organisms that live suspended in water
two groups

Plankton: drift or swim weakly, going were the ocean goes, unable to move consistently against waves (Giant Jellyfish to small arrow worm)

Nekton: actively swim

pelagic organisms
open water

two different sections: Netritic zone: over continental shelf

Oceanic zone: open water

pelagic zone
contribute to food webs and they generate large amounts of atmospheric oxygen

autotrophic plankton, photosynthesis

phytoplankton
drift or swim weakly going where the ocean goes cant go against waves or tides
plankton
special glands on turtles sea snakes and reptiles who breathe air with lungs, are covered in scales and a relatively impermeable skin, equipped with special salt glands to concentrate and excrete excess sats from body fluids
salt gland.
fish schools teach fish how to act, defense
schooling
Heterotrophic plankton
most numerous primary consumer in ocean
10% of the size as phytoplankton

planktonic organisms that eat the primary producers

zooplankton
Benthic zones are the ground
vertebrate.
the wavelength.
The distance measured from trough to trough of a wave is:
second
The period of wind waves is usually expressed in:
the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell
As wind waves move out of a storm area:

the short waves move out first and form “chop.”
the short-period waves overtake the long-period waves.
the waves are sorted by velocity and form the swell.
the sea becomes flat outside the storm area

100
Near shore, if the wave crests are 200 feet apart, the wave will “feel” bottom when the depth is about
refraction
Waves tend to be parallel to the shore when they break due to the process of:

diffraction.
reflection.
refraction.
reaction.

fetch
The uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without change in direction is the:

fetch.
wavelength.
wind length.
wind cell.

wind wave
A ___________ is a gravity wave formed by the transfer of wind energy over the water.

swell
capillary wave
wind wave

tsunami

false
A standing wave causes major progressive wave forward movement and results in a large amount of energy that is being transferred.
True
False
stormsurge
An abrupt bulge of water driven on shore by a tropical cyclone is known as a(n) .

Stormsurge
Wave
Tsunami
Tide

wave trains
Wind waves travel in groups called:
Wave Packs
Wave Cliques
Wave Trains
Wave Bunch
restoring
Waves are created by disturbing forces and and flattened by forces.
Rolling
Crushing
Straightening
Restoring
full moon
Spring tides occur

at the first-quarter moon
at the third-quarter moon
at full moon
during hurricanes

by two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal level each lunar day.
A semidiurnal tide is characterized by

one high and one low tide per day.
by two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal level each lunar day.
a high tide followed by low tide of significant difference of heights throughout the circle
hurricane forced winds

tidal wave
A steep wave moving upstream generated by the action of the tide crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth is called a:

tidal node
tidal surge
tidal wave
tidal current

the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun
The primary force(s) that cause(s) tides in the sea is (are):

the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun.
the gravitational attraction of Mars and Jupiter.
wind and storms at sea.
coastal earthquakes and landslides.

high tide also
The side of the Earth facing the moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of the Earth will have a:

low tide.
time of no tidal action.
high tide also.
tide cannot be predicted.

spring tides
The type of tide associated with the full and new moons are:
false
Tides are free waves.

True
False

100
The wavelength of a tsunami generated by a seismic event can by up to 200 km. How deep has the ocean to be for this wave to be a deep water wave?

At least 200 km deep
At least 100 km deep
At least 50 km deep
At least 11 km deep (the depth of the Mariana Tren

false
Tides are the shortest of all waves

True
False

semidiurnal
A tide is characterized by occurring twice in one lunar day with two high tides and two low tides

Diurnal
Semidiurnal
Neap
Mixed

diurnal
A tide is characterized by occurring once each lunar day with one high tide and one low tide

Semidiurnal
Spring
Diurnal
Neap

mixed
A tide is a tidal pattern of significantly different heights throughout the day.

Crazy
Neap
Spring
Mixed

Meterological
A tide is a tide influenced by the weather.

Metereological
Climate
Sun
Astronomical

astronomical
A(n) tide is a tide caused by inertia and the gravitational forces of the sun and moon combined.

Metereological
Wave
Sun
Astronomical

tidal bore
Which of the following is a true tidal wave?
energy
A good “working definition” for life might be: “A highly organized system that can capture, store and transmit ________.”
primary producers
The organisms that are capable of converting carbon dioxide into glucose are called:

primary consumers.
primary producers.
heterotrophs.
secondary consumers

the carbon hydrogen bond of crbohydrates
In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in:

carbon dioxide molecules.
the carbon-hydrogen bonds of carbohydrates.
oxygen molecules.
the oxygen-hydrogen bonds of water molecules.

heterotrophs
The organisms that cannot produce their own food are called:

primary producers.
heterotrophs.
secondary producers.
autotrophs.

euphotic zone
The zone of lighted ocean where marine autotrophs are able to thrive is called:

the disphotic zone.
the euphotic zone.
the aphotic zone.
the mesopelagic zone.

Natural selection is the differential survivorship and reproduction of organisms that have favorable adaptations.
Which of the following statements best characterizes natural selection?
ectothermic
Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ______ organisms.

poikilothermic.
endothermic.
homeothermic.
ectothermic.

oxygen
The requirements for photosynthesis include all of these EXCEPT:

light.
oxygen.
nutrients.
pigments (chlorophyll).

animalia
Each of the following is a domain EXCEPT:

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Animalia

photic
Photosynthetic organisms live in the ____________of the ocean.

photic zone.
deep sea.
aphotic.
mesopelagic.

diatom
An example of a primary producer is:

a fish.
a copepod.
a diatom.
a crab.

euphotic zone
The zone where most biological productivity of the ocean occurs is called:

euphotic zone.
aphotic zone.
hyperphotic zone.
disphotic zone.

chemosynthesis
A form of autotrophy other than photosynthesis is:

respiration.
chemosynthesis.
heterotrophy.
decomposition.

aphotic zone
The area in the ocean without light is called the:

aphotic zone.
euphotic zone.
photic zone.
epipelagic zone.

carbon dioxide
Which of the following functions to maintain a balanced pH in the ocean?

oxygen.
carbon dioxide.
nitrogen.
phosphate.

false
The aphotic zone is the upper layer of the ocean where there is enough light for photosynthesis and vision.

True
False

false
Life is characterized into two domains: one for all the prokaryotic organisms and one for all the eukaryotic organisms.

True
False

krill
An example of a zooplankton that is very important to many pelagic communities is:

krill.
squid.
dinoflagellates.
diatoms.

C
Which of the following statements is FALSE concering the baleen whales?

A. They are marine mammals and hence are air breathers.
B. Some species of baleen whales migrate long distances between their feeding and breeding grounds.
C. The baleen whales are the smallest of the true whales because they only feed on plankton.
D. Some species of baleen whales use complex songs to group communicate.

the temperate zones
Where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity?

in the tropics.
in the temperate zones.
in the polar regions.
productivity is about equal at all latitudes.

meroplankton
Only part of this organism’s life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community:

plankton.
meroplankton.
holoplankton.
phytoplankton.

phytoplankton
Single-celled plant-like organisms are called:

plankton.
meroplankton.
holoplankton.
phytoplankton.

holoplankton
Organisms such as diatoms or copepods that spend their entire life cycle as plankton are called:

nanoplankton
meroplankton
holoplankton
zooplankton

endotherms
Animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called:

ectotherms.
mesotherms.
paratherms.
endotherms.

sirenia
Which of the following groups include manatees and sea cows?

Cetacea
Pinnipedia
Sirenia
Copepoda

subpolar zones
An area that has high nutrient levels and very high seasonal primary productivity are the:

subpolar zones.
tropical coastal regions.
coral reefs.
tropical open ocean.

false
The active swimmers of the pelagic realm are called the zooplankton.

True
False

false
Coccolithophores are zooplankton that form oozes on the seabed.

True
False

true
The distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is directly influende by the distribution of nutrients.

True
False

true
Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, not bone.

True
False

oceanic
The zone of open water away from shore, past the continental shelf is the zone.
albatross
Longest wingspan on any flying bird is on the :
Giant Petrel
Wandering Albatross
Giant Skua
Emperor Penguin
females raising their young
Typical polar bear behavior includes:
Living in large groups.
The males teaching their cubs survival skills.
The females raising the cubs.
Mating for life.
The organisms that drift in the ocean are known collectively as plankton. The plant-like organisms that comprise phytoplankton are responsible for most of the ocean’s primary productivity. Phytoplankton — and zooplankton, the small drifting or weakly-swimming animals that consume them — are usually the first links in oceanic food webs. Plankton are most common along the coasts, in the upper sunlit layers of the temperate zone, in areas of equatorial upwelling, and in the southern subpolar ocean. Marine scientists have been inspired by the beauty and variety of plankton since first observing them under the microscope in the nineteenth century.
Benthic Zone

1. Continental Shelf
2. Bathyal zone
3. Abyssal zone
4. Hadal zone
5. deep sea trenches

Seafloor is called what
Plus the sections from shore to deep ocean
live on bottom of ocean floor
Benthic organsims
too small to be resolved by light microscopes and slip undetected through filters

account for 80% of of all photosynthtic activity is parts of the ocean

picoplankton
the most productive photosynthesis organism in the plankton.
Diatoms
some planktonic animals are juvinile stages of crabs, clams and sea stars
meroplankton
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