Oceanography Chapter 13

In primary production ________. 1) _____
A) there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
B) carbon dioxide is released into the water
C) oxygen utilized by animals is less than the oxygen consumed by autotrophs
D) oxygen is utilized by plants
E) proteins are made by animals

The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is
called ________.2) _____
A) upwelling
B) photosynthesis
C) visible light
D) chemosynthesis
E) biomass

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called ________.
3) _____
A) chlorophyll
B) biomass
C) primary productivity
D) compensation depth
E) upwelling

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include ________. 4) _____
A) carbon dioxide and nitrogen
B) carbon dioxide
C) phosphorus
D) nitrogen and phosphorus
E) nitrogen

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the ________ for
photosynthesis. 5) _____
A) carbonate depth
B) compensation depth
C) epipelagic depth
D) productive zone
E) euphotic zone

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division ________. 6) _____
A) Bacillariophyta
B) Phaeophyta
C) Chrysophyta
D) Chlorophyta
E) Rhodophyta

Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division ________. 7) _____
A) Chlorophyta
B) Haptophyta
C) Chrysophyta
D) Angiospermae
E) Pyrrophyta

Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division ________.
8) _____
A) Bacillariophyta
B) Chlorophyta
C) Phaeophyta
D) Rhodophyta
E) Pyrrophyta

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are ________. 9) _____
A) coccolithophorids
B) dinoflagellates
C) cyanobacteria
D) diatoms
E) radiolarians

Which of the following is not a marine seed-bearing plant? 10) _____
A) Eelgrass
B) Spartina alterniflora
C) Ulva
D) Mangroves
E) Surf grass

The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________. 11) _____
A) 30% B) 1% C) 10% D) 50% E) 90%

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately ________.12) _____
A) 50% B) 90% C) 30% D) 10% E) 1%

The relative productivity in the world’s oceans from most productive to least productive is ________. 13) _____
A) polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters
B) temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters
C) tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters
D) polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters
E) temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters

Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to ________. 14) _____
A) net primary productivity
B) photoperiodicity
C) autotrophication
D) eutrophication
E) phototropism

Productivity in polar oceans is ________. 15) _____
A) oxygen-limited
B) light- and nutrient-limited
C) nutrient- and oxygen-limited
D) light-limited
E) nutrient-limited

Productivity in tropical oceans is generally ________. 16) _____
A) light- and nutrient-limited
B) oxygen-limited
C) nutrient- and oxygen-limited
D) nutrient-limited
E) light-limited

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have
unusually high primary productivity rates? 17) _____
A) Dead zones B) Hypoxic zones
C) Equatorial downwelling zones D) Coastal upwelling zones

In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months ________. 18) _____
A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease
B) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease
C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease
D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase
E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease

In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the summer months ________. 19) _____
A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and dissolved oxygen decreases
B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases
C) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases
D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases
E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is ________. 20) _____
A) top down
B) cyclical
C) unidirectional
D) semi-conservative
E) bi-directional

Energy flow in an ecosystem is ________. 21) _____
A) semi-conservative
B) unidirectional
C) bi-directional
D) top down
E) cyclic

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around ________. 22) _____
A) 30% B) 75% C) 50% D) 10% E) 5%

If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many
kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)? 23) _____
A) 100 kcal
B) 10,000 kcal
C) 10 kcal
D) 1,000 kcal
E) 1 kcal

The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its ________. 25) _____
A) maximum sustainable yield
B) standing stock
C) fish stock
D) recruitment mass
E) diversity

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as ________. 26) _____
A) minimum catch that will still allow the population to increase
B) largest catch that will cover the minimum cost of fishing
C) annual harvest that will balance natural mortality and predation
D) largest catch that can be taken without overfishing
E) maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing occurs

Catches above the maximum sustainable yield ________. 27) _____
A) result in overfishing
B) can be increased to prevent overfishing
C) result in increased populations of the target species
D) produce decreased fishing effort
E) result in underutilization of the target species

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to ________. 28) _____
A) krill and other shellfish
B) species raised in aquaculture settings
C) species caught as part of traditional fisheries
D) non-target species that are caught along with commercial species
E) species harvested for industrial purposes

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____
A) High light levels
B) Upwelling
C) Increased phosphorus concentration
D) Lower rates of photosynthesis
E) Increased nitrogen concentration

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____
A) Zostera (eelgrass)
B) Sargassum (Gulf weed)
C) Spartina (marsh grass)
D) Avicennia (black mangrove)
E) Rhizophora (red mangrove)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____
A) Phaeophyta
B) Pyrrophyta
C) Chlorophyta
D) Anthophyta
E) Chrysophyta

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____
A) Carnivores
B) Biogeochemical cycle
C) Decomposers
D) Bacteriovores
E) Herbivores

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases.
Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____
A) Filter feeding
B) Carnivorous feeding
C) Autotrophic
D) Suspension feeding
E) Deposit feeding

What percent of the ocean’s biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic
primary productivity? 34) _____
A) 98.50% B) 99.90% C) 99.50% D) 100% E) 98.00%

Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure ________. 35) _____
A) temperature
B) color
C) oxygen
D) biomass
E) radioactivity

In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________. 36) _____
A) one kilometer
B) 20 meters
C) one to two kilometers
D) 100 meters
E) two to three kilometers

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. 37) _____
A) 20 meters
B) two to three kilometers
C) one kilometer
D) 100 meters
E) one to two kilometers

A Secchi disk is used to measure water ________. 38) _____
A) transparency
B) temperature
C) salinity
D) acidy
E) density

Which of the following is not an important seawater nutrients needed by phytoplankton? 39) _____
A) Sodium
B) Phosphorus
C) Iron
D) Silica
E) Nitrogen

When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in
the proportion of ________ (C:N:P). 40) _____
A) 106:106:1
B) 16:106:01
C) 16:16:01
D) 106:16:16
E) 106:16:01

The concentration of which of the following nutrients limits productivity in the waters near Antarctica and the
Galapagos Islands? 41) _____
A) Silica
B) Iron
C) Nitrogen
D) Phosphorus
E) Sodium

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of
nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. 42) _____
A) deeper; greater B) less; greater
C) less; lower D) deeper; lower

When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of
nutrients are ________ in coastal regions. 43) _____
A) deeper; lower B) less; greater
C) less; lower D) deeper; greater

Which of the following are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space? 44) _____
A) Ultraviolet Radiation
B) X-rays
C) Visible Light
D) Gamma Rays
E) Cosmic Rays

Sensors in the human eye are most efficient at detecting which of the following types or radiation? 45) _____
A) Ultraviolet Radiation
B) Microwaves
C) Gamma Rays
D) Infrared Radiation
E) Visible Light

Which of the following types of radiation is used to create images of the internal composition of something because it
is able to pass through many materials opaque to light? 46) _____
A) Ultraviolet Radiation
B) Infrared Radiation
C) X-rays
D) Gamma Rays
E) Cosmic Rays

47) Which of the following types of algae is the most abundant and widespread of the marine macroscopic algae? 47)
_____
A) Brown algae
B) Green algae
C) Purple algae
D) Red algae
E) Yellow algae

Which of the following types of algae is responsible for the name of the Sargasso Sea? 48) _____
A) Brown algae
B) Green algae
C) Purple algae
D) Red algae
E) Yellow algae

Dead Man’s Fingers is a kind of which of the following types of algae? 49) _____
A) Brown algae
B) Green algae
C) Purple algae
D) Red algae
E) Yellow algae

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? 50) _____
A) Algae beds and coral reefs
B) Estuaries
C) Freshwater swamp and marsh
D) Open Ocean
E) Upwelling zone

Which marine ecosystem has the highest average net primary productivity? 51) _____
A) Algae beds and coral reefs
B) Estuaries
C) Freshwater swamp and marsh
D) Open Ocean
E) Upwelling zone

Which marine ecosystem has average net primary productivity comparable to a tropical rainforest? 52) _____
A) Algae beds and coral reefs
B) Estuaries
C) Freshwater swamp and marsh
D) Open Ocean
E) Upwelling zone

Which marine ecosystem has the lowest average net primary productivity? 53) _____
A) Algae beds and coral reefs
B) Estuaries
C) Freshwater swamp and marsh
D) Open Ocean
E) Upwelling zone

The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century. 54) _____
A) doubled
B) quadrupled
C) quintupled
D) increased ten-fold
E) tripled

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 55) _____
A) 300 B) 500 C) 200 D) 100 E) 400

Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans? 57) _____
A) Dioxin
B) Ciguatera
C) Gonyaulax
D) Karenia
E) Mercury

Blue whales time their migration through middle latitude and polar oceans to coincide with maximum ________
productivity. 58) _____
A) primary
B) zooplankton
C) phytoplankton
D) dinoflagellate
E) photosynthetic bacteria

Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics. 59) _____
A) nutrient supply; nutrient supply B) nutrient supply; available sunlight
C) available sunlight; available sunlight D) available sunlight; nutrient supply

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 60) _____
A) available sunlight only
B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply
C) nutrient supply only
D) salinity
E) water temperature

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 61) _____
A) available sunlight only
B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply
C) nutrient supply only
D) salinity
E) water temperature

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 62) _____
A) available sunlight only
B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply
C) nutrient supply only
D) salinity
E) water temperature

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the
spring. 63) _____
A) available sunlight; nutrient supply B) available sunlight; available sunlight
C) nutrient supply; available sunlight D) nutrient supply; nutrient supply

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the spring and by ________ in
the fall. 64) _____
A) nutrient supply; available sunlight B) nutrient supply; nutrient supply
C) available sunlight; nutrient supply D) available sunlight; available sunlight

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called
________. 65) _____
A) producers
B) animals
C) consumers
D) decomposers
E) heterotrophic

Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for
their own energy requirements are called ________. 66) _____
A) heterotrophic
B) consumers
C) decomposers
D) producers
E) animals

Algae, plants, archaea, and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of ________ organisms. 67) _____
A) decomposer
B) siliceous
C) autotrophic
D) consumer
E) heterotrophic

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. 68) _____
A) producer
B) siliceous
C) decomposer
D) autotrophic
E) consumer

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. 69) _____
A) heterotrophic
B) producer
C) siliceous
D) autotrophic
E) decomposer

Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________.70) _____
A) autotrophic
B) bacteriovores
C) carnivores
D) herbivores
E) omnivores

Organisms which feed only on other animals are called ________. 71) _____
A) autotrophic
B) bacteriovores
C) carnivores
D) herbivores
E) omnivores

Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________. 72) _____
A) autotrophic
B) bacteriovores
C) carnivores
D) herbivores
E) omnivores

Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________. 73) _____
A) autotrophic
B) bacteriovores
C) carnivores
D) herbivores
E) omnivores

Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 74) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Baleen whales are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 75) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 76) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Arenicola is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 77) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 78) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

The sand star Astropectean is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 79) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 80) _____
A) active predation
B) deposit
C) filter
D) passive predation
E) photosynthetic

Sea anemone are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 81) _____
A) filter
B) deposit
C) active predation
D) photosynthetic
E) passive predation

Whale sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.82) _____
A) deposit
B) active predation
C) photosynthetic
D) passive predation
E) filter

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. 83) _____
A) cyclic and unidirectional B) noncyclic and unidirectional
C) noncyclic and multidirectional D) cyclic and multidirectional

The flow of nutrients through a biotic community is ________. 84) _____
A) noncyclic and multidirectional B) noncyclic and unidirectional
C) cyclic and unidirectional D) cyclic and multidirectional

Most ecological efficiencies in natural ecosystems average about ________ percent. 85) _____
A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 2 E) 6

Individual members of a feeding population in a food chain are generally ________ in size and ________ numerous
than their prey. 86) _____
A) larger; more B) smaller; less C) larger; less D) smaller; more

Which of the following feeds closest to the primary producing population? 87) _____
A) Humans
B) Zooplankton
C) Tuna
D) Anchovy
E) Mako shark

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 35.6% of the world marine fishery? 88) _____
A) Coastal and coral systems
B) Nontropical shelves
C) Open ocean
D) Tropical shelves
E) Upwellings

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 21.0% of the world marine fishery? 89) _____
A) Coastal and coral systems
B) Nontropical shelves
C) Open ocean
D) Tropical shelves
E) Upwellings

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 20.9% of the world marine fishery? 90) _____
A) Coastal and coral systems
B) Nontropical shelves
C) Open ocean
D) Tropical shelves
E) Upwellings

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 18.7% of the world marine fishery? 91) _____
A) Coastal and coral systems
B) Nontropical shelves
C) Open ocean
D) Tropical shelves
E) Upwellings

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 3.8% of the world marine fishery? 92) _____
A) Coastal and coral systems
B) Nontropical shelves
C) Open ocean
D) Tropical shelves
E) Upwellings

Tropical shelves and ________ contribute about the same percentage to the world marine fishery. 93) _____
A) upwellings
B) nontropical shelves
C) coastal systems
D) coral reefs
E) the open ocean

The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________. 94) _____
A) limiting fishing to one month a year
B) an on-shore breeding program
C) the overfishing of cod
D) a lobster fishing moratorium
E) human-induced climate change

The overfishing of which of the following caused the closure of North Carolina’s century-old bay scallop fishery in
2004? 95) _____
A) Sharks
B) Cod
C) Rays
D) Surgeonfish
E) Lobster

Which of the following often wind up as bycatch because fishers commonly used them to locate tuna? 96) _____
A) Sharks
B) Birds
C) Turtles
D) Dolphins
E) Rays

On average, close to ________ percent of the commercial catch is discarded as bycatch. 97) _____
A) 15 B) 20 C) 10 D) 50 E) 25

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. 98) _____
A) drift nets
B) long lines
C) purse seine nets
D) lobster traps
E) gill nets

In 2003 the world fishing fleet spent over ________ billion to catch $80 billion worth of fish. 99) _____
A) $140 B) $100 C) $60 D) $80 E) $120

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? 100) ____
A) The environmental degradation of many ecosystems
B) Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels
C) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries
D) That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally
E) Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? 101) ____
A) Over enforcement of international regulations
B) Fisheries often include a variety of ecosystems
C) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries
D) Limited scientific analysis
E) Misreporting of catch and bycatch

The Canadian government declared which of the following completely off-limits to fishing in 2003? 102) ____
A) Halibut
B) Haddock
C) Flounder
D) Cod
E) Herring

The collapse of Atlantic cod stocks resulted in fishers seeking the deep-water Greenland ________, which is now in
danger of becoming overfished throughout the Atlantic. 103) ____
A) flounder B) halibut C) tilapia D) herring E) haddock

Which of the following deep-water fish was original called the slimehead and is now on the Seafood Watch List of
fish to avoid purchasing? 104) ____
A) Patagonian Toothfish
B) Alaskan Salmon
C) Orange Roughy
D) Chilean Seabass
E) Greenland Halibut

Which of the following deep-water fish was originally called the toothfish and is now on the Seafood Watch List of
fish to avoid purchasing? 105) ____
A) Alaskan Salmon
B) Greenland Halibut
C) Chilean Seabass
D) Orange Roughy
E) Australian Slimehead

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the
criteria of sustainability.106) ____
A) 25 B) 15 C) 10 D) 20 E) 50

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following Tuna should you
avoid? 107) ____
A) Albacore (Canada & US Pacific, troll/pole)
B) Bluefin
C) Bigeye (US farmed)
D) Tongol (US farmed)
E) Yellowfin (US troll/pole)

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
108) ____
A) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled)
B) Salmon (Alaska wild)
C) Catfish (US farmed)
D) Tuna: Canned (except troll/pole)
E) Arctic Char (farmed)

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
109) ____
A) Tilapia (US farmed)
B) Sardines: Pacific (US)
C) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)
D) Trout: Rainbow (US farmed)
E) Tilapia (Asia farmed)

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
110) ____
A) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
B) Arctic Char (farmed)
C) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada)
D) Black Cod (Alaska & Canada)
E) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled)

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
111) ____
A) Oysters (farmed)
B) Crab: Dungeness
C) Crab: King (imported)
D) Mussels (farmed)
E) Crab: Stone

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
112) ____
A) Catfish (US farmed)
B) Mahi mahi (imported longline)
C) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled)
D) Salmon (Alaska wild)
E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
113) ____
A) Salmon (Alaska wild)
B) Orange Roughy
C) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled)
D) Halibut: Pacific (United States)
E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)

Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following
except ________. 114) ____
A) Orange Roughy
B) Sharks
C) Swordfish
D) Albacore Tuna
E) Alaska Wild Salmon