Oceanography Final

A good “working definition” for life might be : “A highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and transmit ______

By using the word “commonality” to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean:

Most biologists and geologists now think life began on earth about:

the life that first formed on earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organizms such as we see around us today

in order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of:

which of these factors was not present in large quantities on earth’s surface at the time of the origin of life here?

the Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life influences the physical environment of earth, possibly by intentional control

which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle?

“fixation” means

mass extinctions are

the zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than they use to stay alive is called:

though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically ____ meters in mid latitudes

the two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are:

an organisms metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20 C

most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ______ organisms

all other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater

when carbon diolxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more

a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a

a marine animal placed in fresh water would be ____ in its environment

diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called:

the movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called

the open ocean realm, away from land

the open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general

refers to the bottom, in general

the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves

a population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation was a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. after a tie, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. this is a good illustration of:

“success” in biology means:

isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in:

speciation (origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of:

the classical definition of species depends ultimately on:

which of the following best states the evolutionary theory?

the inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was:

a natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of

a single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by

scientific names are

when a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it:

the compensation depth for zooplankton is ________ that for phytoplankton

seaweeds are a great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value

flexible outer covering

propelled by twin whip like projections

two values, or shells, of glass like substance

HABs or “red tides” are usually caused by these

these sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation

the more primitive of the two (evolved first)

some species are brightly bioluminescent

cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater

of the two plant like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth

the more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed

smallest drifting organisms

part of the organisms life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community

plant like organisms

drifting with the currents

animals

plankton is a phylogenetic category

the group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is:

kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group:

marine algae are non-vascular plants

the biomass (living bulk) of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton

what is produced in primary productivity?

where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity?

the depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averaged for a whole day is:

typical plankton productivity in the temperate zone is about _____ gC/m2/yr

all large (ie easily visible to the unaided eye) marine plants are marine algae

ultraplankton consist mainly of

primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect

primary productivity occuring on land is now thought to be about ______ primary productivity in the ocean

the organisms that produce food are called:

in photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in

roughly ______ of energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh

the organisms that consume autotrophs are called:

animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food

during the “oxygen revolution”

a phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on teh number 5, and have tube feet at some time in their development

the most successful phylum on earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of species is

which if these is not characteristic of members of the phylum arthropoda?

which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient?

the sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group:

bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:

a marine fish must ______ seawater, and ______ salt from special glands in the gills

in the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate ______, which ________transfer efficiency

there are no true marine amphibians, mainly because

all of these statements about marine turtles are true except:

all sea snakes are venomous

the wings of the most “severely oceanic” birds (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be

marine birds eliminate salts by

animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called:

marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about ____ million years ago

marine mammals

whales

fishes

manatees, sea cows

seals, sea lions, walruses

which of these characteristics is not applicable to all cetacea?

these whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales:

most sharks are dangerous to humans

sonar is used by

the largest whale is:

which of these statements describes the smallest whales?

sea birds navigate by using

which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids?

a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called

the many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location form a ______________

an organisms “address” within a community is its _________, while an organisms___________is its “occupation” within that habitat

a stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities

organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competitors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a ____________curve

referring to #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of

the rarest pattern for organism distribution is:

a stable, long-established community is known as:

generally speaking, the intertidal area is:

intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by:

perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is:

which of these statements is not true of estuaries?

food in the intertidal zone is:

which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species?

intertidal zones are an often obvious feature of the shore. which zones would experience the greatest numbers of individuals and species?

brackish water is:

the “deep scattering layer” is:

more living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water column immeiately above it

deep vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters down to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates

which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships?

the mose of symbiosis represented by the clown fish anemone relationship is:

the most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is:

species-specific means

although the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed

sandy beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand grains

whaling has effectively ceased; the taking of whales for meat and profit is a thing of the past

deep abyssal seafloors probably contain even more oil and natural gas than the continental shelves. these zones have not been exploited only because of the difficulty in drilling in these areas

though desalination is a technically feasible method for obtaining fresh water from seawater, large commercial-scale desalinization in the USA is minimal, due to the high-energy costs

global warming by greenhouse gases is a new global phenomena, and would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, going up into the atmosphere

in the terms of tonnage worldwide, marine fish farming is growing while wild caught fishing is constant

most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature

worldwide, the commercial fishing consortia are, for the most part, very careful to conserve the worlds marine fishery resources, and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield

generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil

eitrophication is an example of a “good” pollutant. most organisms in a eutrophic area thrive and grow at a normal or accelerated rate with little to no harmful side effects

drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that commercial fishing techniques be more environmentally sensitive

plastics cause significant biological damage in the ocean when______

which of the following marine life are expected to have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, and PCBs in their tissues?

which of the following is NOT a highly toxic heavy metal?

manganese nodules can be found _______

the best fishing grounds are located _______

the worlds commercial catch of fish is made up mostly of what particular group of fish?

peak petroleum discoveries in the world ______, while peaking petroleum production _____________

the most dangerous threat to the marine environment, in the long run, is definitely ____________

what accounts for most of the total greatest value of world trade transported by sea?

the greatest amount of marine energy is theoretically available from _______

the only marine energy source being successfully exploited on large scale is/are:

the exclusive economic zone EEZ stipulated by the 1982 draft convention extends ________

the synthetic organic pollutants that have been added to the ocean over the years ________

the worst source of petroleum pollution in the marine environment is __________

the present level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not been seen on earth for the past_____

which of the following statements is true of pollutant related bioamplification

the ozone layer is important becuase ______

which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea?

the doubling time of the human population that is the length of time necessary for the number of humans to double is presently about _______

second to petroleum and gas, the most profitable physical resource recovered form the ocean is:

the formation of crude oil will occur in an environment that provides __________

which of the following fishing practices is considered the least environmentally friendly