Introduction
Harmonizing to Markus and Robey ( 1983 ) , Information System should be
- Fit with the construction
- Fit with the environment
- Fit with people as single
- Fit with people as political groups
To hold organisation cogency.
Planing a computing machine based information system requires information demands of the user, which is basic standards for system success ( Franz & A ; Robey 1986 ; Ives & A ; Oslen 1984 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Research in MIS lead to system effectiveness where system design can be measured which has concerns over effectual design, execution and the usage of computing machine based system in organisations. As the research indicates that proficient properties are necessary for system success in some threshold measures.
Organizational cogency is regarded as proficient cogency which is seen as attribute indispensable for success of proficient invention ( Schultz & A ; Slevin,1975 ) . ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Markus and Robey ( 1983 ) specifies a conceptual model of different issues concentrating on Organizational cogency, conditions furthering invalid systems and increasing organisational cogency procedure.
The mixture of per centum of alteration in persons, groups, organisational variable, that is indispensable for execution of theoretical account ( or ) a system is organisational cogency ( Schultz & A ; Slevin,1975 ) .Validity should be achieved which is the end of execution attempts.
Harmonizing to Glinzberg ( 1980 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
MIS is a “Fit ( or ) lucifer between a system and its Organization context” . In order to better the effectual system execution and its usage the organisational cogency needs to increased ( Chervany ‘s 1978 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 ) The Technical cogency of an administration states that there are equal direction procedure when compared to the rock age of organisational cogency.
Organizational cogency is used to measure information systems and the valid systems are easy implemented and efficaciously used. The jobs arise with organisational cogency during the same clip where the nature of “fit” , cogency must be extended and cogency is regarded as organisational effectivity.
First organisational cogency is a quality assessed on 4 degrees of analysis non as a unitary construct, secondly organisational cogency is match ( or ) fit between belongings of systems ( or ) organisations. Third Organizational cogency is descriptive and comparative construct instead than a normative and absolute one.
Organizational cogency is valid in one context and invalid in another. Validity leads to effectual usage and invalidness to ineffective usage. Organizational cogency is in our conceptualisation is non a valid system by itself or of the organisation where it can be used but is considered as a Fit or Match between both of them. Organizational cogency is the construct where the information systems are implemented in using the construct normatively. Organizational cogency has no. of jobs over the practical constructs.
The success of the result is clearly dependent on the effectual usage and successful thought of information systems behavior forms. An Organisations valid information system might neglect in bring forthing the extraordinary benefits where it automates organisational regulation of pollex. Organizational cogency additions with usage of information system descriptively.
Types of Organizational Validity
Users-System tantrum is an interaction with internal demands of people every bit good as the motives in footings of system interaction with people ‘s cognitive procedures. Motivation is increased when MIS expands, at the same time supplying ways of chances, taking to acceptance of system by user. Organizational cogency is achieved if the system fits the Psychological features of Users.
The User-Fit is achieved by Planing to the bing users who are fit of MIS
Where developing users fit bing system or while choosing a personal who fits the system is evaluated by anticipation theory ( Robey,1979 ) where it states that motive does better occupation public presentation, relationship is link between intrinsic and extrinsic wagess. The wagess the single receive is the factor for motive. Motivation constructs are extended into MIS development procedure where the perceived nexus between attempt and public presentation is important ( Zmud 1979 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
The manner of sing organisational cogency is different in personal cognitive manner. The manner people process information is termed as cognitive manner.
The hypothesis is compatibility of users cognitive manners which does take into effectivity of system with system public presentation maintaining in the head.
Different systems have different organisational and occupational groups as clerks, low-level troughs, applied scientists and all other cognitive manners.
The testing of cogency of direction Information system shows the hypothesis which indicates the partial support, and the other factors where nature of undertaking is taken into consideration.
Organizational cogency of cognitive information processing as the end of Management Information Systems is to better managerial determination devising.
Cognitive manner is treated in footings of field dependency/independence ( Benbasat & A ; Dextee 1979 ; Doktor & A ; Hamikton 1973 ; Lusk 1979 ) .Cognitive manner is conceived, where determination shapers are analytic, which require complete and elaborate certification. while there are more intuitive and heuristic prefer to utilize partial information to acquire large image.
“Fit is defined in footings of users desires every bit good as in footings of their needs” , where compatibility lacks in one ( or ) other dimensions. ( Dewaele 1978 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Organization Structure – System Fit
Organizational cogency is defined as grade of tantrum between users and system design attributes. Organization construction is match between structural features of organisation and different system design attributes.
Environmental Uncertainty is experienced by organisation where the demand to organize the undertaking related activities are done within organisation.
Computer based Information systems are available to directors which are structural intercessions ( Galbraith,1977 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Manager has the ability to plan charts of organisation or reflect the cardinal environmental and task-related uncertainnesss of information system of differing aims. While distribution of studies from an order entry and trailing of system organisational communicating channels can be altered.
“Formal Organizational construction are the grade to which sub-units are organic ( or ) mechanistic and grade to which determination devising is centralized ( or ) decentralized”
Harmonizing to Lawrence & A ; Lorsch ( 1967 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
there is a relationship between the formal construction of an organisational fractional monetary unit and the sum of uncertainness in undertaking performed by the fractional monetary unit.
Information system demands does differ with the engineerings of section or the stableness of its basic work procedure ( McIntosh and Daft,1978 ) .
The centralised direction information systems with optimisation theoretical accounts is more appropriate for fractional monetary units with everyday engineering such as production scheduling for organisation with traditions of extremely controlled determination devising. Organizational cogency is a tantrum ( or ) lucifer between system & A ; construction with construction transforming systems.
Power Distribution- System Fit
Organizational cogency is distribution of power within an organisation, A system is treated as invalid until it embodies power distribution at odds. Harmonizing to research workers the computing machine based information systems is associated with inclination for displacements in the balance of power ( or ) influence among organisational histrions. ( Kling 1978 ; Bariff & A ; Galbraith 1978 )
Organizational cogency is degree to which direction information systems lucifer ( or ) modify bing informal spiels of power distribution in an organisation.
“According to Markus ( 1983 ) m related alterations in power distribution possible steps of organisational cogency are strongly related to behaviors of user opposition to system”
Environment System Fit
Environment system tantrum is one of the organisational cogency which resembles the features of system design and environment in which it is used. Organizational cogency is bad where the cogency refers to the type of informations contained in system with the organisational modus operandis embedded in the system. Harmonizing to Galbraith ( 1977 ) and Gorry and Scott-Morton ( 1971 ) strategic planning, determination devising and the type of informations is non found in the system which collects summarize analyze internal public presentations and completed minutess for organisational procedure.
With addition in rate of alteration in environment the demand for be aftering and decision-making additions which is extends the trouble degree of procedure.
“Complex planning and environmental scanning systems may be organizationally valid in disruptive environments but non in quiet ones” . Organizational cogency refers to a lucifer between the organisational communicating, control, decision-making modus operandis embedded in a IS and the environment independent of design of other organisational constructions.
Corporate-initiated employee mobility is valid in emerging ecology instead than independent, agents of organisational cogency.
The environment system degree of analysis of organisational cogency refers to be more substantiate correspondence between the design of IS and construction of environment. Payroll system is the best illustration for it.
Conditionss Fostering Potentially invalid systems
The conditions furthering the potentially invalid systems lead to the context and procedure of system design. Organizational cogency of information system is the grade of tantrum or lucifer with users different cognitive manners, and manner of motives, organisational construction, organisational power distribution and environment interface.
The context and procedure of IS design is complex where cardinal division of labor between IS interior decorators and IS users where systems are designed by one group of people and used by other. Designing of IS do non compromise a massive group. Last the contexts of IS design are varied.
Under these conditions it is hard to place how organisational invalidness is divided into 3 groups single properties, organisational structural conditions and social factors.
Individual Properties
The managerial users and system design professionals are alike acquiring Organizational cogency of IS is non hard. Harmonizing to Mintzberg ( 1976 ) , Mckenney & A ; keen ( 1974 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
directors are inaugural minds whereas system interior decorators and direction scientists are analytic.
Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1980 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
pupils gets appropriate mark unlike a typical member who chose specialized instruction system.
Organizational cogency of IS is divided as one who uses system and other constructing the labor into groups with assortment of cognitive manners who communicate efficaciously with each other to better and treat developing systems.
Organizational structural conditions
Organizational Invalidity is led by the manner the system development procedure is Structured in organisations. Harmonizing to Markus ( 1983 ) jobs do originate when all the people in group ( or ) organisation portion the same ends ( or ) penchants.
Markus ( 1983 ) states the system development procedure is the engagement of legion handoffs of the specification and uncomplete work between the coders and the analyst.
The Communication between users and interior decorators are propagated by the distinction of system in constructing undertakings with cardinal distrotis of communicating. Markus ( 1979 ) states the system architecture is influenced by one information processing group to work on a province -of -the art system.
The place in the organisations encourages the development of particularised involvements by acquiring a wages ( Ritti & A ; Goldner 1969 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
.The effectivity of organisation lessening when single fractional monetary units work to accomplish their ain aims. There is a cardinal influence on the systems users use by the political procedures within informations procedure groups ( Pettigrew ‘s 1973 ) .The organisational structural relationship between informations processing and users within informations treating itself can be factor of organisational Invalidity of systems. The structural relationship affect organisational cogency because they specify the procedure in which a system in administration is designed while crating the power base every bit good as the aims which lead to failures in coordination and deformation.
Social factors
Harmonizing to Kling and Gerson ( 1977 ) there are 14 classs runing from pioneers who design computing machine Hardware to consumers of computing machine based merchandises & A ; service depending upon people with relationships. Each group has certain involvements where one additions from the other.
With regard of computing machine package, workers and concern directors and organisational decision makers vary where system analysts and coders stand uneven while, directors at even in the same organisation.
Directors believe that demand for IS has led to increasing in demand for package professionals, while concern troughs say that informations treating professionals desire the proficient province of art and favours the development of new system when the codification that is existed can be adapted from other beginning.
Harmonizing to Kraft ( 1977 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
and Greenbaum ( 1979 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
directors do try to consistently command, the deskill the work as system interior decorators and with routinizing. The effect of occupation routinization
on the coders analysts in order To extinguish the dependance.Managers tend more strongly toward occupation fractionalization which consequence the high turnover through lower replacing costs. The job-hopping and turnover of informations treating professionals efforts which intend to keep power over the consumers of the service and maintain unnaturally high salary degree.
Organizational Invalidity of system can be natural effect as struggle between directors and informations processing professionals over administration determination devising. Organizational Invalidity can originate when troughs tries to command, routinize and deskill the work of system interior decorators.
Members of internal informations processing group are able to utilize the place inside organisation to better their position and to acquire paid as informations treating professionals ( Pettigrew ‘s 1973 ) ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Depending upon structural involvement system builders may accidentally misinterpret the demands ( or ) desires of system users in the edifice procedure and change their work in manner which affect cogency of system in which they build.
The Societal factors which foster the organisational invalidness of information systems is due to the division of labor basically between the system users and interior decorators.
Harmonizing to recent tendencies in package production application development tools and end-user scheduling are two new engineerings that exist. These engineerings allow a individual person to work with whole system ( or ) really big pieces of them. Application development tools and stop user programming have the possible to alter cardinal manner of systems by changing the division of labor around system design and usage.
The efforts to cut down the distinction may bring forth the unexpected losingss and proficient cogency is besides reduced.
Application development tools makes it work simpler, less disputing. End-user scheduling is easier for user to compose their ain plans in non-procedural linguistic communications. Hence the factors furthering Organizational Invalidity of IS can work in contradictory directives.
The conditions furthering potentially invalid systems transforming into the grade of organisational cogency ( or ) invalidness. There is procedures of integrating of differences and dialogue among involvement as organisational cogency depend on quality of both these procedure.
Integration of different involvements
Involving terminal users in system development procedure is the norm for bettering organisational cogency. Integration of different involvements is the conditions furthering potentially invalid systems with the system development procedure and the grade of organisational cogency with the properties of users which makes the integrating of difference for User-System Fit and Societal Factors negociating among the involvements for Environment-System tantrum of Organizational cogency.
“The integrating between conditions furthering invalid systems and grade of organisational cogency is constitution of trust, reliable exchange of beliefs and sentiments where in users and developers feel powerful in act uponing system design” ( Robey & A ; Farrow 1982 ; Zmud & A ; cox 1979 ) .
Integration of Interests is the synergistic procedure which has produced by MIS designs of higher quality ( Boland 1978 ) .The integrating of users with the differences in developing an organisation construction does assist the organisation to implement an effectual and integrative scheme.
“ Shared success is important in foretelling undertaking success” ( Ginzberg, 1979 )
Negotiation among different involvements
The dialogue schemes are necessitated by some initial conditions of differentiated involvements between users and specializers. Negotiation is ongoing procedure where today ‘s also-rans remain and continue to dicker utilizing glib grants as fuel for future deals.
Negotiating is conducted informally for legitimate position in most organisations. System architecture and equipment acquisition is influenced by specializers take a firm standing certain characteristic are necessary ( Markus 1983, Pettigrew 1973 )
Negotiate and productive as political relations are dealt with more explicitly ( Keen & A ; Gerson 1977 )
Organizational Validity and effectual execution and Use
The figure suggests Organizational cogency of IS additions with suited intercession schemes. Organizational cogency produces desirable alteration in first dimension and an unwanted alteration in the 2nd.
Cogency Of MIS
The figure describes the end of system design to understate opposition the n high grade of Organizational cogency.
Organizational cogency is positive related to effectual system usage. The opposition and long scope effectivity is dependent on effectual system usage. Hence organisational cogency to system effectivity is straight ( or ) indirectly fits thought.
The relationship between opposition and long -range effectivity is mismatched to organisational procedure. Organization are cavalier in holding high cost of system development. Validity of Management Information System is sufficiently o prevent the opposition of devolving into stationariness and disaffection. Validity of Management Information System does
require alterations in believing forms of users, Organizational construction, Organizational Power Distribution, and patterned manner of covering with the environment.
Hence Organizational cogency public-service corporation does non come from normative application of the construct.
Organizational cogency impacts have intelligent system design alterations. Organizations are non assured of success in developing applications that will accomplish competitory advantage ( Earl et al,1988 )
The application of Information Systems are used for Strategic planning for organizational effectivity.
ISSP ( Information System Strategic Planning )
Information System /Strategic Planning has been identified as indispensable in integrating into an organisation to increase a house ‘s strategic competitory advantage ( Huysman et.al 1999 ) ( Cited From Markus and Roobey, 1983 )
Information System Strategic Planning procedure is regarded as highly context dependant and Information System Strategy is considered in an organisational position ( Reponen 1993, Hackney & A ; Litte 1999 ) . ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
Organizational factors of Information Systems does act upon the quality of Information System Strategic Planning Process. The higher the adulthood of Information System the better the quality of the Information System Strategic Planning Process ( Cerpa & A ; Verner,1998 )
Harmonizing to Mentzas ( 1997 ) four different strategic IS/IT squads should be specified while execution of an Information System Strategy: Functional, Technical, Guidance and Co-Ordination squads. Planing e-business and e-commerce schemes Organizations should measure Information System current province.
Integration of Organisation and Information Systems
Markus and Robey suggest he relationship among the administration and information system as a competitory and prospective 1.
Information systems and Organisation construction have common consequence as they interact ( Barlow, 1990 ) Every alteration in administration will consequence the administration construction every bit good as information systems.
An Hypotheses are developed which has contemplation on the impact of administration construction on the Information System. The Organisational cogency of information operating environment has 4 key properties Stability, Simplicity,
Market, Diversity and Hostility.Interaction between the environment and proficient system is connected with the rate of alteration of proficient system ( Mintzberg,1979 ) . The Hypotheses is expressed in footings of “ Generic
Information systems” where the information system are expected.
The Benefits of Organizational cogency is the system tantrum, User tantrum, Environment Fit, and single properties. The system tantrum in administration gives the administration the expected consequences.
Information system is the manner in which organisations and people who utilize
For procedure shop usage and unwrap information.
Information system in administration does use to the different types of entities. where the 1 ) One of societal nature ( System which is served ) 2 ) Technological nature ( System which does the helping ) .
The Key facet of organizational development is when organisation and Information system are treated as on vitamin E integrated subject.
Markus and Robey ( 1983 ) operational ( or ) organisational public presentations are closely associated with the organisational cogency construct.
Harmonizing to Markus and Robey ( 1983 ) cogency of Management Information system is compared to the organisational values where the guaranting an Information System is Secure affecting a batch of issues.
Where the Information System issues are harmonizing to the cogency of Information System in Organisations with the effectivity of system usage,
opposition of system.ease of execution of system usage.
Issues of Information System
The cardinal issues in Information System direction are strategic planning, competitory advantage, Organizational acquisition, Information system function & A ; part, Alignment in organisation, Information Architecture, Software development, Security and control..
Organizational cogency depends on Organizational acquisition and usage of Information systems where the patterns of concern and Organizational construction are modified in many ways utilizing Information System which will take the manner by showing its ain ability to be flexible and antiphonal to alter. Learning by experience is dynamic one, where both common acquisition of an organisation and persons in it take topographic point ( March 1999 ) .
Information System Alignment in Organization
The alliance of Information System in organisation depends on the place within a endeavor where the Information System effectivity is valuated.
Information System Organizational Management issue is classified into two classs Management/Enterprise class and Technology/Application class where issues of Strategic planning, Competitive advantage, Organizational larning autumn into First class whereas Telecommunication, Software Developer, Artificial Intelligence into 2nd class.
There is an increasing popularity of invention theory among Information System research workers ( Fichman 1992 )
Information System is the field where the relationship between Information Technology and Organizational alteration is cardinal concern.
The Failure of Management Information System is caused by Organizational factors and Physiological reactions when ignored by system interior decorator.
User Attributes or Individual properties of administration
Schultz & A ; Slevin ( 1975 ) came up with the series of statements where attitude is measured by public presentation, interpersonal alterations, ends, support, opposition, client researches in single and in organisations every bit good.
Model Of User Behaviour
The above figure is an anticipation theoretical account of Management Information System user which is a simplified version. The Information System usage is an appraisal by user by his assorted relationships. The User Behaviour depicts the attitude refering 1 ) Value of wagess perceived from public presentation 2 ) Likelihood where wages consequence from public presentation and every bit good as system usage. The system usage is affected by user features such as ability, preparation and system features. The usage of system reduces when low public presentation does ensue in lower occupation wagess while happening other agencies to increase public presentation and wagess.
The theoretical account of User behavior is associated with system usage ( I, vitamin E. Performance ) .
Organizational Change
Organizational alteration is with regard to Information systems.
Leavitt ‘s Considered Organization as Diamond.
Where Task, Technology, People, Structure are interrelated bespeaking the complex nature of societal system where alteration in engineering frequently impact on other constituent with impact of the invention.
User Involvement
User engagement is critical to the success of the Management Information System Project ( Powers and Dickson 1973 ) . User engagement leads to successful system execution in organizational behavior which includes work outing group jobs.
User Involvement in Decision Making
The Aim to Participate in Decision Making ( PDM ) is to increase inputs from sub-ordinates. User engagement is regarded as democratic right of organisation member ( Bjorn-Anderson & A ; Hedberg 1977, Mumford 1979 ) . ( Cited From Markus and Robey, 1983 )
MIS Project in Organisation
Management Information System undertaking have more an integrating focal point and follow more logical sequences in development. The Undertaking choice mechanism is based on Project Management, MIS Department, Steering Committee, User section. Project Development is the clip between Project choice, Start-up and Project proposal. The Projects selected by Management Information Systems tend to hold Lower Risks when compared to other section in organisation.
Undertaking Risk is evaluated as assorted failures such as Schedule failure, Cost overrun, Performance deficit and forsaking ( Davis and Olson 1985 )
Comparison of Markus Robey research with Zmmud and Benbesat on Information Systems
The article of Markus and Robey does supply the intent of information systems in organisation.
Harmonizing to Lyytinen & A ; Heinz, The direction information system is “ To advance and further the betterment of the field of Management Information system through survey, instruction, research, and co-operative exchange of ideas” ( Lyytinen & A ; Heinz,1985 )
Markus and Robey of Information system is causable research. Markus and Robey applies the new theoretical account of research of information system and it is targeted for specific audience by making studies.
The non-tradition publications are supported by Markus Robey such as trade magazines, Management reappraisal and communications of ACM. Management Information system should be harmonizing to the ends and mark audience.
Harmonizing to Benbsat and Zmud ( 1999 ( academic research workers point the job of faculty members holding limited exposure to the relevant context on academic research workers.
Markus Robey applies new theoretical accounts to targeted audience which increase the consideration in fiscal facets of information systems with sociological effects.
whereas Zmud and Benbasat recommended it as “ Clear, Simple and CONCISE Explanation” .
Decision
On the Markus and Robey states Organizational cogency which refers to the tantrum between an information systems.
The direction information system which is efficaciously designed and usage of computing machine based system in administrations. The Management Information System gives the proficient cogency of administrations. The organizational cogency improves the effectual usage of execution and usage of the Information system. The Organizational cogency is of User-System Fit, Organisation Structure -System Fit, Power-Distribution, Environment-System Fit, Where the cogency of Management Information System applies in furthering the quality of Information System in the Organization.
Markus and Robey defined the Organisational cogency where the construction, Power distribution, and the conditions that Foster Organisational cogency which will efficaciously depict the relationship between the organisational cogency of systems and effectual system usage. Markus Robey clarifies the research conducted on Management Information system can be applied in the organisational construction in future with the aid engineering which will assist in heightening organisational success.
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