PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CRUDE RHIZOME EXTRACTS FROM K. galanga Essay

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CRUDE RHIZOME EXTRACTS FROMK.galanga

4.1 Introduction

Developing states largely depend on traditional and medicative workss concentrating towards health care applications (Allameh et al.,2002 ). The traditional medical specialties involve the usage of different medicative works infusions or the bioactive fundamental laws that are helpful todiagnose, prevent, dainty, control or curediseases( Davis and Robson, 1999 ) .The survey on ethnomedicine intensely represents one of the finest avenues in seeking fresh economic workss for medical specialty( Esonu et al. , 2006 ). Qualitative phytochemical analysis ofMomordica charantiaandNerium rose bayfoliage extracts has already confirmed the presence of assorted phytochemicals like saccharides, cholesterin, protein, aminic acid, alkaloids, flavinoids, tannic acids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, coumerins, anthocyanins, steroids, fatty acids, phlabotanins, phenols and amylum in their aqueous, ethanol, methyl alcohol, ethyl ethanoate and trichloromethane works infusions( Haller, 1990 ) .Phytonutrients as redresss for human diseases in bring arounding assorted complaints possess indispensable antioxidant and anticancer belongingss( Koul et al. , 1989 ). The studies provided beginning for the present probe to transport out research on phytochemical surveies for rhizome petroleum solvent infusions inK. galanga.

The universe depends upon the herbal medical specialty for the largest beginning of the works biodiversity. About 70 to 80 per centum of universe populations are being used since the ages as the traditional health care systems( Lale, 2003 ). The medicative workss contain bioactive phytochemical components that produce definite physiological effects on human organic structure(Kaladhar et al. , 2010 ) . Natural compounds in medicative workss incorporating phytochemicals protect the human organic structure from assorted diseases(Apparao et al. , 2011 ). The phytochemicals are holding medicative belongingss that are holding alimentary and non-nutritive works chemicals. Phytochemicals are divided into two groups harmonizing to their maps in works metamorphosis. They are primary and secondary metabolites(Kaladhar etal. , 2013). Primary metabolites consist of saccharides, aminic acids, proteins, chlorophyll while secondary metabolites consist of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids etc. ( Prabha et al. , 2013 ).

Plants ever contains common beginning of medicines in traditional readyings or as pure bioactive rules. The designation of workss or works infusions could be used as drugs, or that could replace some pharmaceutical readyings are being purchased and imported from different states( Farnsworth et al. , 1985 ). The research in drug determination from medicative workss involves a various attack uniting the phytochemical, botanical, biological, and molecular techniques(Barboza et al. , 2009 ). The medicative works drug find continues to supply advanced and important lead against several pharmacological mark include Inflammation, Cancer, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer ‘s, Malaria, and Arteriosclerosis(Moridi et al. , 2011 ). Several natural merchandises of works beginning late introduced to the United States market include artether, galantamine, nitisinone, and tiotropium(De et al. , 2008 ).

The drug find from medicative workss is to supply a beginning of new drug leads against awful diseases. Many challenges are encountered with the procurance of works parts, the choice and execution of the scale-up of active compounds and bio-assaies(Balunas and Kinghorn, 2005). The Ethanopharmacologists, phytologists, microbiologists, biochemists and natural-product chemists are uniting the phytochemicals that could be used for intervention of assorted infective diseases. About 30 % to 50 % of bing pharmaceuticals are ensuing from workss which are used as disinfectants( Palombo, 2011 ). The traditional therapists have used medicative plantsfrom antediluvian times in remedy of infective conditions. The Plants that are comfortable in an extended assortment of secondary metabolites like saponins, phenols, tannic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids foundin vitroshow antimicrobic belongingss( Cowan, 1999 ).

A valuable association between the traditional and western medical practicians is due to the usage of traditional and herbal medical specialties( Cheng, 2000 ). Assorted non-scientific studies provide enhanced involvement from western states in herbal redresss that provide pressing demand to develop new effectual drugs from traditionally used medicative workss( Offiah et al. , 2011 ). Recently phytomedicinal constituents predictable the attending of the pharmaceutical and scientific communities to bring forth fresh medical specialties towards diseases is to be investigated. It involves the isolation, distinction and designation of the secondary metabolites that are produced by assorted medicative workss and used as the effectual rules in medical readyings( Taylor et al. , 2001 ).

Higher workss are holding solar-powered biochemical mills ( both primary and secondary metabolites ) which manufacture their demands to last from microbic species. Many species of higher workss synthesise and roll up organic substances in different measures to be economically utile as chemical provender stocks or as natural stuffs for assorted scientific and commercial applications( Brown et al. , 2008 ). The natural substances by a immense figure of industries and natural works merchandises are applied straight or indirectly upon worlds and environing species. Phytochemicals are used to a big sum by the pharmaceutical, nutrient, cosmetics and agrochemical industries(Franz et al. , 2011 ).The economically of import workss provide as alone beginnings of spirits and aromas, industrial oils ( both volatile and fixed ) , natural gum elastic, wetting agents, rosins ( e.g. , resin and tall oil ) , gums, saponins, pharmaceuticals, waxes, dyes, pesticides and many forte merchandises(Balandrin et Al. ,1985).

4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.2.1 Collection and Extraction ofPlant Materials

The aggregation and extraction of the dissolvers ( ethyl ethanoate, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, trichloromethane and H2O ) rootstock infusions ofK. galangaindividually was done every bit mentioned in Chapter 3( page figure 30 ( 3.2.1 & A ; 3.2.2 ) ) .

Rhizomes

Plant rootstock pulverization

Figure 4.1: Rhizomes and pulverization ofK.galanga

4.2.2 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

Assorted infusions were used for preliminary showing for phytochemicals such as saccharides ( Molisch’s trial ) , cholesterin ( Liberman Burchard trial ) , protein ( Biuret trial ) , aminic acid ( Ninhydrin trial ) , alkaloid ( Mayer’s and Dragandreff’s trial ) , saponins, tannic acids, flavinoids, cariac glycosides, terpenoids and phlobatanins.

4.2.2.1 Test for Amino Acids

To 2 milliliter of the infusion, 2 milliliter of Ninhydrin reagent is to be added and maintain the solution in hot H2O bath for 15 proceedingss. The formation of violet colour indicates the presence of aminic acids in the sample.

4.2.2.2 Test for Proteins

To 2 milliliter of the infusion, 2 milliliter of Biuret reagent is to be added. An visual aspect of violet colour pealing indicates the presence of protein ( peptide linkages of a molecule ) .

4.2.2.3 Test for Carbohydrates

To 2 milliliter of extract add 2drops of molisch’s reagent and blend the solution. About 2 milliliter of Conc. H₂So₄is to be added bead by bead from the sides of the trial tubing. A ruddy violet colour pealing visual aspect at the junction of two beds instantly indicates the presence of saccharides.

4.2.2.4 Test for Alkaloids

To 2 milliliter of infusion, add 1 % HCl, few beads of Mayer’s reagent ( potassium mercuric iodide ) and 6 beads of Dragendroff’s reagent ( potassium Bi iodide ) . An organic precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids in the infusion.

4.2.2.5 Test for Steroids

To 2 milliliter of acetic anhydride, 0.5 milliliter of infusion and 2 milliliter of H₂So₄is to be added. The colour changed from green or violet to blue indicates the presence of steroids.

4.2.2.6 Test for Cholesterol

To 2 milliliter of trichloromethane taken in a dry trial tubeand add 2 milliliter of the infusion. About 10 beads of acetic anhydride and 2 to 3 beads of Conc. H₂So₄are to be added to the solution. A alteration from ruddy rose colour solution to blue green colour solution indicates the presence of cholesterin.

4.2.2.7 Test for Cardiac Glycosides

To 5 milliliter of extract add 2 milliliter of glacial acetic acid contain one bead of ferrous chloride solution is to be added. The solution was underlayed with 1ml of Conc.H₂So₄. A brown coloured ring of the border indicates a deoxysugar is a characteristic of cardenolides.A violet ring may look under the brown ring indicates an acetic acid bed and a light-green ring might organize merely increasingly throughout thin bed.

4.2.2.8 Test for Flavonoids

To 5 milliliter of dilute ammonium hydroxide solution, afew beads of Conc.H₂So₄are to be added. A xanthous coloured solution confirms the presence of flavonoids and will vanish on long standing.

4.2.2.9 Test for Saponins

To the 5 milliliter of works infusion, 20 milliliter of distilled H2O is to be added and is disconcerted in a calibrated container for 15 proceedingss. Development of 1cm bed of spume in the container shows the presence of saponins.

4.2.2.10 Test for Tannins

To 5 milliliter of infusion, few beads of 1 % of lead ethanoate are to be added. A xanthous coloured precipitate formed in the trial tubing shows the presence of tannic acids.

4.2.2.11 Test for Terpenoids

To 2 milliliter of extract add 2 milliliter of trichloromethane and 3 milliliter of Conc.H₂So₄. Formation of a monolayer of ruddy brown colour of an interface shows a positive consequence for the terpenoids.

4.2.2.12 Test for Phlobatinins

To 2 milliliter of extract add 1 % aqueous HCl and boiled for few proceedingss. A ruddy precipitate formed and deposited in the trial tubing is an grounds for the presence of phlobatinins.

4.2.2.13 Test for Fatty Acids

To 0.5 milliliter of infusion, 5 milliliter of quintessence is to be added. The solution was allowed for vaporization on a filter paper and dried for few proceedingss. The outgrowth of transparency on filter paper indicates the happening of fatty acids.

4.2.2.14 Test for Anthocyanins

To 2 milliliter of infusion, 2 milliliter of 2N NH₄Cl and ammonium hydroxide are to be added. The visual aspect of pink-red colour turning to blue or violet colour indicates the presence of anthocyanins.

4.2.2.15 Test for Coumarins

To 3 milliliter of 10 % NaOH, 2 milliliter ofplant infusion is to be added. The formation of xanthous colour solution indicates the presence of coumarins.

4.2.2.16 Test for LeucoanthocyaninsTo 5 milliliter of infusion, 5 milliliter of isoamyl intoxicant is to be added. The ruddy colorappears in upper side of the solution of trial tubing indicates the presence of leucoanthocyanins.

4.2.2.17 Test for Phenols

About 2 milliliters of infusion, 3ml of ethyl alcohol and a pinch of FeCl₃is to be added. The formation of light-green xanthous colour solution indicates the presence of phenols.

4.2.2.18 Test for Quinones

To 2 milliliter of infusion, 3 milliliter of Conc. HCl is to be added. Formation of green colour solution indicates the presence of quinones.

4.2.2.19 Test for Emodins

To 2 milliliter of NH₄OH, 3 milliliter of benzine and 5 milliliter of works infusion is to be added. The formation of ruddy colour indicates the happening of emodins.

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The utile medicative belongingss from works stuffs normally resultsdue to the combination of secondary metabolites present in the works(Ratess, 2001 ). The medicative processs of workss are sole to peculiar works groups or species and are changeless with the perceptual experience as the combination of secondary merchandises in a particular works are frequently taxonomically typical(Donald, 2000 ) .

The development in medicative works research has undergone a alone growing during the last two decennaries(Tilman et al. , 2002 ). An extended tendency towards the usage of natural works redresss has produced tremendous demand for information about the belongingss and utilizations of medicative works. The available information sing medicative workss can demo antitumor, antianalgesic and insecticide belongingss(Baker et al. , 2007 ). Furthermore a medical specialty, the workss provides 1000s of new compounds for case nutrients, drinks, aromas, flavorers, dyes, fibres and edifice stuffs etc(Mungole and Chaturvedi, 2011 ).

The present survey carried out on the works rhizomesis to uncover the happening of medicinally vigorous metabolites. The phyto-constituentsevaluation ofK. galangarootstock infusions has been shown inTable 4.1.

The aqueous infusion of mature rootstocks ofK. galangacontains metabolites like saccharides, aminic acids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannic acids, phlobatinins, fatty acids and coumarins.

A comparative survey with the tried infusions, ethanolic infusion from mature rootstocks ofK. galangais found to be incorporating more figure of phytocompounds like saccharides, cholesterin, aminic acids, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannic acids, terpenoids, phlobatanins, fatty acids, coumarins and phenols.

The methanolic rootstocks ofK. galangainfusion has shown assorted metabolites like saccharides, steroids, aminic acids, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannic acids, terpenoids, phlobatanins, fatty acids, coumarins and phenols based on the phytochemical trials.

The ethyl ethanoate from rootstocks ofK. galangahad shown really less figure metabolites in their infusion like amino acids, cardiac glycosides, tannic acids and fatty acids.

The choloroform infusion from mature rootstocks ofK. galangais found to be incorporating saccharides, cholesterin, aminic acids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannic acids, saponins and fatty acids. As there is less phytochemical components in trichloromethane infusion ofK. galanga, the farther analysis on biological activities was non been considered in the present work.

Based on the old literature, the phenolic phytocompounds have a great importance in relation to potential for good effects on wellness(Devasagayam et al. , 2004 ). Over the last few decennaries, several experimental surveies have revealed importance of phenolic compounds with biological and pharmacological properties/activities like cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. Phenolic compounds from workss or synthetics are besides used in intervention of kidney and tummy jobs(Boudreau and Beland, 2006 ).Pancharoenet al. , 2000has shown the anti-inflammatory belongingss isolated fromK. galanga.

Saponins present in bioactive compounds in nutrients may hold protective scheme in take downing the hazard of cardio-vascular diseases and human malignant neoplastic diseases(Kris-Etherton et al. , 2002 ).

Tannins are besides present in all the infusions of the workss and may demo lessening in the bacterial proliferation by barricading the cardinal enzymes at microbic metamorphosis( Mungole et al. , 2010 ). Tannins play an of import function as potent antioxidant( Rahimi et al. , 2005 ).Herbs have tannic acids as their chief components and are used for handling enteric upsets such as dysentery and diarrhoea( Palombo, 2006 ).

Flavonoids are good known for their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Flavonoids in the works infusions may besides be used in the intervention of arthritic febrility, diabetes and high blood pressure etc(Duan and Wang, 2002 ).

The category of cardiac glycosides are utilized in the remedy of congestive bosom failure may hold anti-arrhythmic agents. These agents play an emerging function with adiverged class of compounds in the bar and intervention of proliferative diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease( Newman et al. , 2008 ).

Assorted herbsare utilizing as nutrient and besides as medicative intents from centuries to till day of the month. The herbs that possess antiplatelet, antitumor, hypolipidemic or immune-stimulating belongingss are utile adjuncts in cut downing the hazard of cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplastic disease. In different herbs, a big assortment of active phytochemicals, including the terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, polyphenolics, sulphides, coumarins, works steroid alcohols, saponins, carotenoids, curcumins, and phthalides, have been identified in the old literature( Craig, 1999 ; Craig, 2002) .

Biochemicals and phytochemicals present in workss may demo good biological activities. The phytochemical showing and qualitative appraisal of the workss in the present survey showed that the rootstocks were rich in phyto-components like aminoacids, cardiac glycosides, and fatty acids in all the infusions. Methanolic and ethanolic infusions has shown some common metabolites like saccharides, aminoacids, cholesterin, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannic acids, terpenoids, phlobatanins, fatty acids and phenols.

Table 4.1: Phytochemical showing ofKaempferia galangarootstock infusions

Name of the compound	Aqueous infusion	Chloroform infusion	Ethyl alcohol infusion	Ethyl ethanoate infusion	Methanol infusion
Amino acids	++	++	+++	++	+++
Protein	–	–	–	–	–
Carbohydrates	+++	+	+++	–	+++
Alkaloids	+	+	++	–	++
Steroids	–	+	++	–	++
Cholesterol	–	+	+++	+	+++
Cardiac glycosides	+++	+	+++	++	++
Flavonoids	–	–	++	–	+
Saponins	–	+	++	–	–
Tannins	+	+	++	+	++
Terpenoids	–	–	++	–	++
Phlobatinins	+	–	++	–	+
Fatty acids	–	++	+++	+	++
Anthocyanins	–	–	–	–	–
Leucoanthocyanins	–	–	–	–	–
Coumarins	+	–	++	–	+
Phenols	+++	–	+++	–	+++
Quinones	–	–	–	–	–
Emodins	–	–	–	–	–

Note: +++isstronglypositive ( Color with more strength ) ;++ismoderately positive ( Color strength medium ); +is decrepit positive ( Colorintensity low ); –is Negative

The presence of cardiac glycosides in medicative workss is used in the ancient Indian medicative systems( Shellon, 1996 ; Sofowora, 1993 ). The works surveies can be seen as possible beginning of utile drugs. Further surveies onK. galangarootstock infusions have been conducted to place benefits and utilizations in the field of medical specialty. The medicative workss have phytochemical compounds that are helpful as medical specialty in the control of diseases and upsets. In the present surveies,K. galangarootstock infusions are tested for phytochemical activity. Ethanolic infusion has good figure of compounds compared to ethyl ethanoate, aqueous, methanolic and chloroform infusions.

4.4 Decision

Phytochemical analysis of rhizome infusions ofK. galangahas shown biological compounds like saccharides, cholesterin, aminic acids, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannic acids, terpenoids, phlobatinins, fatty acids, coumarins and phenols. The consequence suggests that the phytochemicals present inK, galangarootstocks may demo antimicrobic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant belongingss.

1