must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
The term heterotroph refers to an organism that ?
uses CO2 for its carbon source
The term autotroph refers to an organism that ?
macronutrient
Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure & metabolism?
cannot be synthesized by the organism
Growth factors?
photoautotroph
An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs & sunlight for its energy needs would be called a?
gets energy from sunlight
The term phototroph refers to an organism that ?
gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
The term chemotroph refers to an organism that ?
sapobes
Organisms that feed on dead organsims for nutrients are called?
existing in a very narrow niche
The term obligate refers to ?
the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions
The term facultative refers to?
Psychrophile
Cultures of bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37 C incubator and on the shelf of a 50 C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37 C and 50 C, slight growth out on the bench top & abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for tis species?
Facultative anerobe
Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anerobic jar and in a candle jar. After incubation ther was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anerobic jars, but heavy growth of culture on the incubator shelft. The species is a ?
Thermophile
An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 C to 60 C would be called an ?
Mesophiles
Human pathogens fall into this group?
Psychrophiles
All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable forw growth except?
aerobe
An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is an?
facultative anaerobe
An organism tha can existin both oxygen & oxygen-less environments is an?
obligate anerobe
An organism tha cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is an ?
obligate aerobe
An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is an?
Salt lakes
A halophile would grow best in ?
mutualistic
The E.coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termes a ___ relationship?
synergism
When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called ?
commensalism
Whe mirobes in close nutritional relationship and one benefits but the other is harmed, it is called ?
false
Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen? True/false
true
Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy? True/false
true
A saprobe with a cell wall with utlize extracellular digestion? true/false
false
Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism? True/false
true
In a commensal relationship, the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor beneifited? true/false
true
Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO2 enviornment? true/false
metabolism
All of the chemical reactions of the cell are called?
metabolism
The general term used to descbribe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is ?
anabolic reactions
Biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called?
phototrophs
Bcteria that can absorb light energy and convert it into ATP are commonly called?
ATP
The readily usuable energy currency of cells is
catalyst
Enzymes act as ?
subtrates / products
Enzymes act on __ to produce ___?
are specilists and typically recognize a single substrate
Most enzymes?
vitamines
Coenzymes are derivatives of ?
temperature, pH, & salt
Environtmental factors that my affect enzyme activity include?
false
Enzymes are changed by the reaction as they raise the activatin energy? True/false
the protien part of a haloenzyme
An apoenzyme is ?
feedback inhibition
When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product, this control is called?
constitutive enzymes
Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are ?
outside of the cell
The most likely place where an exoenzyme participates in a chemical reaction is ?
induced enzymes
Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed?
product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site
Feedback inhibition is best described as ?
cofactors
A haloenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substannces called ?
false
Microbes can utlize only carbohydrates for energy production? True/false
endoenzymes
Enzymes that function inside a cell are ?
Ribose
RNA is characterized by which of the following features?
dexyribose & thymine
DNA is characterized by which of the following features?
It starts at the orgin of replication.
Nucleotides are added to the 3′ end.
It requires an RNA primer to get started.
It utlizes polymerases.
Nucleotides are added to the 3′ end.
It requires an RNA primer to get started.
It utlizes polymerases.
Which of the following are true of DNA replication?
semiconservative
DNA replication is ?
refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands in DNA
The term antiparallel?
is necessary due to the properties of the enzymes and the antiparallel nature of DNA
The lagging strand?
promotor region
The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is the?
3
how many nucleotides are in a codon?
tRNA
Which molecule carries an anticodon?
codes for no amino acid
A stop codon?
introns
Some segments of the precursor mRNA in eukaryotes are non-coding and are called?
turning on genes only when needed.
turning off genes when not needed.
turning on or off entire groups of genes.
turning off genes when not needed.
turning on or off entire groups of genes.
Gene regulation may entail?
may inhibit or enhance transcription
The regulatory protein?
operon
The set of genes in bacteria that are linked together and transcribed as a single unit is referred to as an?
inducers
The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are called?
operator
The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the ?
it does, exons/introns can be spliced together in different ways post-transcription to yield different mRNA (and therefore, different proteins). Bacteria lacks this system, so the gene you transcribe is translated into the only protein you will end up getting
Does the presence of introns/extrons in eukaryotic cells more potential diversity in gene products (proteins) than is possible in prokaryotic cells?
addition/deletion of 3 consecutive nucleotides
Which change in a gene’s DNA sequence would have the least effect on the evntual amino acid sequence produced from it?
transposons
Segments of DNA capable of moving from one area in the DNA to another are called?
conjugation
Gene transfer that requires cell-to-cell contact is?
true
DNA polymerase is able to proofread the DNA sequence? true/false
chromosomes.
plasmids.
mitocondrial DNA.
chloroplast DNA.
plasmids.
mitocondrial DNA.
chloroplast DNA.
Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include?
genome
The ___ is all of the genetic material of a cell?
gene
Each ___ is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one function product?
phenotype
The expression of genetic traits is the ?
1 phosphate, 1 nitrogeneous base, 1 sugar
Each nucleotide is composed of ?
replication
The duplication of a cell’s DNA is called?
template
During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a ___ for synthesis of new DNA strands?
an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule
Semiconservation replication refers to?
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5 to 3 direction
DNA polymerase III ?
DNA ligase
Okazaki fragments are attached to the growing end of the lagging strand by ?
supercoils DNA
DNA gyrase ?
unwinds DNA
Helicase ?
mutation
A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called ?
amino acid
Groups of three consecutive bases along the DNA of a gene have the code for one ?
codon
The three-base sequence on DNA that codes for an amino acid is called a ?
transfer RNA
The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called ?
messenger RNA
This molecule is synthesized as a copy of a gene on the DNA template strand ?
has ribose.
has uracil.
is typically one strand of nucleotides.
does not have thymine.
has uracil.
is typically one strand of nucleotides.
does not have thymine.
RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules becuase only RNA ?
promotor sequence
RNA polymerase binds to the ?
CGU
If a codon for alanine is GCA, then anticodon is ?
have genes turned off by a buildup of end product
Which is incorrect about inducible operons?
corepressor and repressor binding to operator
Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is inhibited by ?
substrate bound to repressor
Synthesis of an inducible enzyme requires ?
RNA polymerase
Gene regulation can involve a protein repressor tht blocks ___ from initiating transcription?
the product
Repressible operons require that ___ bind to the repressor protein before it can bind to the operator ?
nonsense
A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a ____ mutation ?
frameshift
The most serious type of mutation is a ___ mutation?
deletion & insertion
A frameshift is caused by __ mutations?
silent
What type of mutation alters the base, but not the amino acid being coded for?
transformation
The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is ?
transposons
The jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by ?
transformation
In Griffith’s experiments with S. penumonieae, rough nonencapsulated streptococci were converted into smooth encapsulated Streptocci in the presence of the heat-killed smooth encapsulated Streptococci. What is the term that describes this process?
